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This is an early access version, the complete PDF, HTML, and XML versions will be available soon.
Article

Sustainability Assessment and Sustainable Management Scenario of Lake Batur in Bali, Indonesia: Insights from a Multi-Aspect Approach

by
Heri Apriyanto
1,*,
Warseno Warseno
1,
Sri Handoyo Mukti
1,
Aphang Suhendra
1,
Taufiq Dwi Tamtomo
1,
Hermawan Prasetya
2,
Tukiyat Tukiyat
3,
Hendro Wibowo
3,
Temmy Wikaningrum
4,
Rijal Hakiki
4 and
Janthy Trilusianthy Hidayat
5
1
Research Center for Sustainable Production Systems and Life Cycle Assessment, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), the B.J. Habibie Science and Technology Area (KST), South Tangerang 15314, Indonesia
2
Directorate of Economy, Employment, and Regional Development Policy, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), B.J. Habibie Building, Central Jakarta 10340, Indonesia
3
Research Center for Limnology and Water Resources, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), the Soekarno Science and Technology Area (KST), Bogor 16914, Indonesia
4
Department of Environment Engineering, President University, Bekasi 17111, Indonesia
5
Department of Urban and Regional Planning, Faculty of Engineering, Pakuan University, Bogor 16143, Indonesia
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Resources 2025, 14(9), 135; https://doi.org/10.3390/resources14090135
Submission received: 23 June 2025 / Revised: 22 July 2025 / Accepted: 26 August 2025 / Published: 28 August 2025
Versions Notes

Abstract

Lake Batur is part of the Batur UNESCO Global Geopark and an active caldera of Mount Batur on Bali Island, Indonesia, and it has no inlet or outlet. The current state of the lake has deteriorated due to severe environmental degradation. The lake’s management will focus on the environment and other aspects planned in an integrated, sustainable lake management scenario. The research aims to develop a Key Performance Indicator instrument to determine the lake’s sustainable status. These indicators included environmental, socio-cultural, economic, institutional-management, and infrastructure-technology aspects. The method used is Multi-Aspect Sustainability Analysis to determine its sustainable status and identify the factors that have the most leverage in actions to restore Lake Batur. The primary data was collected through in-depth interviews, questionnaires, and field surveys. Respondents were stakeholders who knew the factual conditions of Lake Batur. The research results show that Lake Batur is in a state of alert or declining sustainability, even predicted to become critical if there is no significant management soon. The performance of all aspects is in the alert category (unsustainable or <50/100) except the social-cultural in the acceptable category (not yet ideal/sustainable). The management scenario of Lake Batur, at least increases to the acceptable category, includes controlling the number of floating net cages and the forest area, developing the potential of tourism and fisheries, reducing conflicts, establishing rules for lake use, increasing the role of the central government, and digitalization of lake management development, construction of water infrastructure and the use of renewable energy.
Keywords: Lake Batur; sustainable status; key performance indicators; multi-aspect sustainability analysis; management scenario Lake Batur; sustainable status; key performance indicators; multi-aspect sustainability analysis; management scenario

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MDPI and ACS Style

Apriyanto, H.; Warseno, W.; Mukti, S.H.; Suhendra, A.; Tamtomo, T.D.; Prasetya, H.; Tukiyat, T.; Wibowo, H.; Wikaningrum, T.; Hakiki, R.; et al. Sustainability Assessment and Sustainable Management Scenario of Lake Batur in Bali, Indonesia: Insights from a Multi-Aspect Approach. Resources 2025, 14, 135. https://doi.org/10.3390/resources14090135

AMA Style

Apriyanto H, Warseno W, Mukti SH, Suhendra A, Tamtomo TD, Prasetya H, Tukiyat T, Wibowo H, Wikaningrum T, Hakiki R, et al. Sustainability Assessment and Sustainable Management Scenario of Lake Batur in Bali, Indonesia: Insights from a Multi-Aspect Approach. Resources. 2025; 14(9):135. https://doi.org/10.3390/resources14090135

Chicago/Turabian Style

Apriyanto, Heri, Warseno Warseno, Sri Handoyo Mukti, Aphang Suhendra, Taufiq Dwi Tamtomo, Hermawan Prasetya, Tukiyat Tukiyat, Hendro Wibowo, Temmy Wikaningrum, Rijal Hakiki, and et al. 2025. "Sustainability Assessment and Sustainable Management Scenario of Lake Batur in Bali, Indonesia: Insights from a Multi-Aspect Approach" Resources 14, no. 9: 135. https://doi.org/10.3390/resources14090135

APA Style

Apriyanto, H., Warseno, W., Mukti, S. H., Suhendra, A., Tamtomo, T. D., Prasetya, H., Tukiyat, T., Wibowo, H., Wikaningrum, T., Hakiki, R., & Hidayat, J. T. (2025). Sustainability Assessment and Sustainable Management Scenario of Lake Batur in Bali, Indonesia: Insights from a Multi-Aspect Approach. Resources, 14(9), 135. https://doi.org/10.3390/resources14090135

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