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10.3390/resources14120182
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This is an early access version, the complete PDF, HTML, and XML versions will be available soon.
Article

The Potential of the Vistula–Bug Interfluve Resources in the Context of the Sustainable Management of Non-Renewable Phosphorus Resources in Poland

by
Beata Gebus-Czupyt
1,*,
Miłosz Huber
2,
Jacek Stienss
1,
Greta Brancaleoni
1,
Joanna Hryciuk
1,3,
Urszula Maciołek
4,
Krzysztof Siwek
2 and
Stanisław Chmiel
2
1
Institute of Geological Sciences, Polish Academy of Sciences, Twarda Str. 51/55, 00-818 Warsaw, Poland
2
Institute of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Kraśnicka Av. 2d, 20-718 Lublin, Poland
3
Polish Geological Institute—National Research Institute, Rakowiecka Str. 4, 00-975 Warsaw, Poland
4
Analytical Laboratory, Institute of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Chemistry, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, M. Skłodowskiej-Curie 3 Sq, 20-031 Lublin, Poland
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Resources 2025, 14(12), 182; https://doi.org/10.3390/resources14120182
Submission received: 14 August 2025 / Revised: 4 October 2025 / Accepted: 21 November 2025 / Published: 27 November 2025
Versions Notes

Abstract

Phosphorus is one of the elements necessary for life and the proper growth of organisms, including humans, yet its natural resources are very limited. The bioavailability of phosphorus is especially critical during the initial phases of plant growth. A deficiency at this stage cannot be fully compensated for later, even despite increased phosphorous supplementation. Global reserves of phosphate rocks, the main source of phosphorus used in fertilizer production, are gradually being depleted. This situation prompts the need to search for alternative sources and to pay closer attention to the sustainable management of available resources. In this article, we focus on the Vistula–Bug interfluve in southeastern Poland, where relatively high phosphate concentrations have been documented. Our goal is to present geochemical and mineralogical data from bedrock in the areas richest in phosphorus and to discuss their significance in the context of domestic phosphorous management, with particular reference to southeastern Poland. We also discuss phosphate fertilizer production in Poland and its use in agriculture as well as phosphorus content in groundwater and surface water in the study area, with emphasis on the most readily assimilable forms, orthophosphates. Finally, we address the challenges of sustainable phosphorous management at both the local and global scale.
Keywords: phosphorus; P-resources; phosphate fertilizers; phosphate rocks; sustainable management phosphorus; P-resources; phosphate fertilizers; phosphate rocks; sustainable management

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MDPI and ACS Style

Gebus-Czupyt, B.; Huber, M.; Stienss, J.; Brancaleoni, G.; Hryciuk, J.; Maciołek, U.; Siwek, K.; Chmiel, S. The Potential of the Vistula–Bug Interfluve Resources in the Context of the Sustainable Management of Non-Renewable Phosphorus Resources in Poland. Resources 2025, 14, 182. https://doi.org/10.3390/resources14120182

AMA Style

Gebus-Czupyt B, Huber M, Stienss J, Brancaleoni G, Hryciuk J, Maciołek U, Siwek K, Chmiel S. The Potential of the Vistula–Bug Interfluve Resources in the Context of the Sustainable Management of Non-Renewable Phosphorus Resources in Poland. Resources. 2025; 14(12):182. https://doi.org/10.3390/resources14120182

Chicago/Turabian Style

Gebus-Czupyt, Beata, Miłosz Huber, Jacek Stienss, Greta Brancaleoni, Joanna Hryciuk, Urszula Maciołek, Krzysztof Siwek, and Stanisław Chmiel. 2025. "The Potential of the Vistula–Bug Interfluve Resources in the Context of the Sustainable Management of Non-Renewable Phosphorus Resources in Poland" Resources 14, no. 12: 182. https://doi.org/10.3390/resources14120182

APA Style

Gebus-Czupyt, B., Huber, M., Stienss, J., Brancaleoni, G., Hryciuk, J., Maciołek, U., Siwek, K., & Chmiel, S. (2025). The Potential of the Vistula–Bug Interfluve Resources in the Context of the Sustainable Management of Non-Renewable Phosphorus Resources in Poland. Resources, 14(12), 182. https://doi.org/10.3390/resources14120182

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