Digital Revolution, Sustainability, and Government Revenues: A Transversal Analysis of How Digital Transformation and Sustainable Practices Impact Sustainable Government Revenues
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- What is the intensity of the influence exerted by the level of digital transformation, as measured by DESI, on general government revenues in EU countries?
- Is there a significant link between sustainability performance, measured by the SDG index, and TGGR in EU member states?
- How do European countries differ concerning the relationships between digital transformation, sustainability, and government revenues?
2. Literature Review and Research Hypotheses
3. Design and Research Methodology
4. Results
5. Discussions
5.1. Theoretical Implications
5.2. Practical Implications
5.3. Limitations and Further Research
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable | Dataset | Measures | References |
---|---|---|---|
TGGR | Total General Government Revenue | Percentage of gross domestic product (GDP) | [58] |
C | Connectivity | Weighted score (0 to 100) | [59] |
DPS | Digital Public Services | Weighted score (0 to 100) | [59] |
HC | Human Capital | Weighted score (0 to 100) | [59] |
IDT | Integration of Digital Technology | Weighted score (0 to 100) | [59] |
SDGi | SDG Index Score | Weighted score (0 to 100) | [60] |
Variable | N | Min | Max | Mean | Std. Deviation | Skewness | Kurtosis |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
TGGR | 27 | 23.00 | 53.40 | 42.8370 | 6.75632 | −0.828 | 1.377 |
C | 27 | 9.96 | 19.27 | 14.1195 | 2.15321 | 0.401 | 0.037 |
DPS | 27 | 5.26 | 22.79 | 17.0511 | 4.16664 | −0.869 | 0.863 |
HC | 27 | 7.73 | 17.85 | 12.1133 | 2.50703 | 0.347 | −0.324 |
IDT | 27 | 3.79 | 14.77 | 9.2447 | 2.93160 | 0.092 | −0.243 |
SDGi | 27 | 74.10 | 86.40 | 79.5444 | 3.11699 | 0.340 | 0.219 |
Predictor | Predicted | Importance | Normalized Importance | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Hidden Layer 1 | Output Layer | ||||
H(1:1) | TGGR | ||||
Input Layer | (Bias) | −0.467 | |||
C | 0.289 | 0.227 | 76.7% | ||
DPS | 0.372 | 0.296 | 100.0% | ||
HC | −0.039 | 0.028 | 9.4% | ||
IDT | 0.212 | 0.164 | 55.4% | ||
SDGi | 0.366 | 0.285 | 96.1% | ||
Hidden Layer 1 | (Bias) | 0.550 | |||
H(1:1) | 0.399 |
Country | TGGR (Percentage) | C (Score) | DPS (Score) | HC (Score) | IDT (Score) | SDGi (Score) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Denmark | 48.6 | 19.27 | 20.77 | 14.80 | 14.50 | 85.4 |
Sweden | 48.9 | 15.06 | 20.61 | 15.49 | 14.06 | 85.3 |
Finland | 52.6 | 15.14 | 21.84 | 17.85 | 14.77 | 86.4 |
Austria | 49.5 | 14.12 | 18.03 | 12.74 | 9.79 | 82.2 |
Germany | 47.1 | 16.83 | 15.85 | 11.24 | 8.96 | 82.3 |
Italy | 48.8 | 15.31 | 14.62 | 9.14 | 10.19 | 78.5 |
France | 53.4 | 16.05 | 16.84 | 12.47 | 7.98 | 81.1 |
Belgium | 49.7 | 9.96 | 16.19 | 12.17 | 11.99 | 79.7 |
Greece | 50.2 | 12.39 | 9.85 | 10.03 | 6.66 | 76.5 |
Mean values of Cluster I | 49.87 | 14.90 | 17.18 | 12.88 | 10.99 | 81.94 |
Mean values at UE level | 42.84 | 14.12 | 17.05 | 12.11 | 9.24 | 79.53 |
Country | TGGR (Percentage) | C (Score) | DPS (Score) | HC (Score) | IDT (Score) | SDGi (Score) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Poland | 39.8 | 11.63 | 13.94 | 9.26 | 5.72 | 80.2 |
Slovakia | 40.2 | 12.46 | 13.00 | 11.03 | 6.96 | 78.5 |
Hungary | 41.6 | 14.40 | 14.35 | 9.61 | 5.40 | 78.8 |
Bulgaria | 38.5 | 12.68 | 12.97 | 8.15 | 3.88 | 74.3 |
Cyprus | 41.9 | 14.69 | 14.38 | 10.44 | 8.84 | 74.1 |
Czechia | 41.0 | 13.17 | 16.11 | 11.40 | 8.46 | 80.4 |
Slovenia | 42.5 | 14.97 | 17.37 | 11.06 | 9.96 | 80.1 |
Portugal | 44.4 | 12.90 | 16.98 | 11.49 | 9.40 | 79.0 |
Croatia | 45.2 | 12.01 | 13.39 | 12.96 | 9.18 | 78.9 |
Romania | 33.5 | 13.81 | 5.26 | 7.73 | 3.79 | 77.6 |
Mean values of Cluster 2 | 40.86 | 13.27 | 13.78 | 10.31 | 7.16 | 78.17 |
Mean values at UE level | 42.84 | 14.12 | 17.05 | 12.11 | 9.24 | 79.53 |
Country | TGGR (Percentage) | C (Score) | DPS (Score) | HC (Score) | IDT (Score) | SDGi (Score) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Netherlands | 44.5 | 17.53 | 21.05 | 15.78 | 13.02 | 80.0 |
Spain | 43.0 | 17.43 | 20.88 | 12.83 | 9.63 | 79.7 |
Luxembourg | 43.5 | 14.83 | 20.84 | 14.44 | 8.74 | 75.6 |
Lithuania | 35.8 | 12.34 | 20.45 | 10.61 | 9.31 | 75.2 |
Malta | 35.1 | 13.25 | 21.45 | 14.15 | 12.03 | 76.6 |
Estonia | 38.5 | 11.11 | 22.79 | 13.49 | 9.12 | 80.6 |
Latvia | 35.8 | 12.52 | 19.70 | 11.03 | 6.46 | 80.0 |
Mean values of Cluster 3 | 37.40 | 14.30 | 21.00 | 13.50 | 9.89 | 78.53 |
Mean values at UE level | 42.84 | 14.12 | 17.05 | 12.11 | 9.24 | 79.53 |
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Vărzaru, A.A.; Bocean, C.G.; Simion, D.; Berceanu, D.; Mangra, M.G. Digital Revolution, Sustainability, and Government Revenues: A Transversal Analysis of How Digital Transformation and Sustainable Practices Impact Sustainable Government Revenues. Systems 2023, 11, 546. https://doi.org/10.3390/systems11110546
Vărzaru AA, Bocean CG, Simion D, Berceanu D, Mangra MG. Digital Revolution, Sustainability, and Government Revenues: A Transversal Analysis of How Digital Transformation and Sustainable Practices Impact Sustainable Government Revenues. Systems. 2023; 11(11):546. https://doi.org/10.3390/systems11110546
Chicago/Turabian StyleVărzaru, Anca Antoaneta, Claudiu George Bocean, Dalia Simion, Dorel Berceanu, and Mădălina Giorgiana Mangra. 2023. "Digital Revolution, Sustainability, and Government Revenues: A Transversal Analysis of How Digital Transformation and Sustainable Practices Impact Sustainable Government Revenues" Systems 11, no. 11: 546. https://doi.org/10.3390/systems11110546
APA StyleVărzaru, A. A., Bocean, C. G., Simion, D., Berceanu, D., & Mangra, M. G. (2023). Digital Revolution, Sustainability, and Government Revenues: A Transversal Analysis of How Digital Transformation and Sustainable Practices Impact Sustainable Government Revenues. Systems, 11(11), 546. https://doi.org/10.3390/systems11110546