CRISIS: A System for Risk Management
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- (A) The overall organizational risk culture.
- (B) Risk management policy.
- (C) Risk identification.
- (D) Risk analysis, evaluation, treatment, and monitoring.
1.1. Work Hypothesis
- (1) In a tree architecture there is a single path to reach one node from another, so any break in the chain makes communications impossible, and in the best case scenario communications must pass through all the nodes in the middle.
- (2) During emergencies or disasters, information tends to be unexpected and not to be repeated from many sources, hence structuring its content and therefore its treatment becomes difficult.
- (3) Due to the facts expressed in 1 and 2, the information is transmitted from one level to the next and has to be interpreted in each node of the chain of communications (see Figure 1).
1.2. Related Work
2. CRISIS System Overview
2.1. Tools Available
- Use geographical and/or tabular information without major changes.
- Offer a possible response, quantifying the phenomena and potential effects on people, goods, infrastructure and environment with geographical references, in a standardized format.
- Obtain simulation results in a short time, which are very useful for real-time emergency response. It must be noted that there is a relation between the degree of detail of a simulation model and the simulation time; therefore the models that offer a great degree of detail about the phenomenon will be very useful in the planning stage.
- Evaluate disturbances during their occurrence, in order to consider the changes in atmospheric conditions and the effects of control interventions, among other issues.
3. CRISIS System for Risk and Emergency Management
- (1) Subscription to web services (rss, georss, cap) from different official information providers, allows monitoring the evolution of the different phenomena (meteorology, fires, floods, volcanic eruptions, etc.).
- (2) Subscription to web services (rss, georss) from news agencies clarifies which information (correct or otherwise) is available to the public. This also enables deciding when, what and how to inform the public of the situation.
- (3) The tasks component allows registration of all the needs surveyed from the terrain, plan the response actions, give orders and receive feedback of progress. It constitutes a soft interagency command and control system.
3.1. Features for Emergency Logistics
3.1.1. Resources and Organized Means
3.1.2. Donations and Volunteers
3.2. Features for Communications during an Emergency
- Private: it can only be viewed by the users of the node that generated it.
- Restricted: it can only be viewed by specified nodes.
- Shared: it can be viewed by all the nodes in the network.
- Public: it can be viewed by all the nodes in the network, and nodes in other networks, and is open to the whole population through the Internet.
3.3. Feature for Disaster Scenarios
3.4. Feature for Operations Continuity
3.4.1. Identification of Critical Services
3.4.2. Ensuring Hardware Availability
- a server for development, and
- a server for testing and training.
3.4.3. Ensuring Energy Availability
3.4.4. High Service Availability
3.4.5. Ensuring Technical and Methodology-Related Support
3.4.6. System Emergency Deployment
4. Evaluation
5. Limitations of CRISIS System
6. Conclusions
- There is an apparent progress in technology developments relative to our area, and those developments bring about useful tools for disaster and risk management.
- The working methodology for risk management can also make use of these developments to fulfill their goals.
- The mathematical models can allow for the assessment of disaster scenarios in less time and more thoroughly.
- IT systems must be perfected taking the users into account in order to contrast those systems with each organization's work methodologies in place, so the users are the ones who validate the system features and make the tool their own.
- In many towns a change must be made in the working methods to be able to successfully deploy risk management strategies. We firmly believe that using a tool that provides permanent contact may help the growth process.
- For the mathematical models to be useful for those responsible for planning and response, they must have a simple interface which is permanently accessible.
Acknowledgments
Conflict of Interest
References
- Sphere Project. In The Sphere Handbook: Humanitarian Charter and Minimum Standards in Humanitarian Response, 3rd ed; Practical Action Publishing: Rugby, UK, 2011; pp. 63–87, ISBN 978-1-908176-02-8.
- Chen, C.W.; Liu, K.F.; Tseng, C.P.; Hsu, W.K.; Chiang, W.L. Hazard management and risk design by optimal statistical analysis. Nat. Hazards 2012, 64, 1707–1716. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Decreet 1250/99. Available online: http://www.disaster-info.net/PED-Sudamerica/leyes/leyes/suramerica/argentina /sistemnac/Decreto_1250-SIFEM.pdf (accessed on 13 June 2012).
- Chen, T.H.; Chen, C.W. Application of data mining to the spatial heterogeneity of foreclosed mortgages. Expert Syst. Appl. 2010, 37, 993–997. [Google Scholar]
- Rizo, R.; Llorens, F.; Pujol, M. Architectures and communication between agents. In Agentes Inteligentes: Sistemas Multiagentes y Aplicaciones; Skarmeta, A.G., Pujol, M., Rizo, R., Eds.; Alicante, España, 2002; pp. 181–214, ISBN: 84-8454-182-7. [Google Scholar]
- García Serrano, A.; Ossowski, S. Distributed artificial intelligence and multiagent systems. Inteligencia Artificial, Revista Iberoamericana de Inteligencia Artificial 1998, 1–12. [Google Scholar]
- Sahana-Software Foundation site. Available online: http://sahanafoundation.org/~~V (accessed on 15 August 2012).
- Chen, X.; Kwan, M.; Li, Q.; Chen, J. A model for evacuation risk assessment with consideration of pre- and post-disaster factors. Comput. Environ. Urban Syst. 2012, 36, 207–217. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- CRISIS system site. Available online: http://www.sistema-crisis.gob.ar/ (accessed on 15 August 2012).
- Sanchez, E.Y.; Colman Lerner, J.E.; Porta, A.; Jacovkis, P.M. Accidental release of chlorine in Chicago: Coupling of an exposure model with a computational fluid dynamics model. Atmos. Environ. 2013, 64, 47–55. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- US EPA, 2012, Support Center for Regulatory Atmospheric Modeling. Available online: http://www.epa.gov/scram001/ (accessed on 02 November 2012).
- Chen, C.W.; Tseng, C.P. Default risk-based probabilistic decision model for risk management and control. Nat. Hazards 2012, 63, 659–671. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tseng, C.P.; Chen, C.W. Natural disaster management mechanisms for probabilistic earthquake loss. Nat. Hazards 2012, 60, 1055–1063. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Calvo, B.; Savi, F. A real-world application of Monte Carlo procedure for debris flow risk assessment. Comput. Geosci. 2009, 35, 967–977. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chen, S.C.; Wu, C.Y.; Wu, T.Y. Resilient capacity assessment for geological failure areas: Examples from communities affected by debris flow disaster. Environ. Geol. 2009, 56, 1523–1532. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Archetti, R.; Lamberti, A. Assessment of risk due to debris flow events. Nat. Hazards Rev. 2003, 4, 115–125. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Liu, X.; Yue, Z.Q.; Tham, L.G.; Lee, C.F. Empirical assessment of debris flow risk on a regional scale in Yunnan province, Southwestern China. Environ. Manag. 2002, 30, 249–264. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Acquesta, A.D.; Sanchez, E.Y.; Jacovkis, P.M. CRISIS System for Risk Management and Emergencies. In Proceedings of the Second Congress SRA-LA-Regional Society for Risk, Bogotá, Colombia, May 2012; Muñoz, F., Ed.; Society for Risk Analysis Latin American; pp. 370–371.
- Sánchez, E.Y.; Acquesta, A.D. El Sistema CRISIS para la Gestión de Riesgos. Master Thesis, Consejo Provincial de Emergencias e Instituto Provincial para la Administración Pública, PBA, La Plata, Argentina, 2011. [Google Scholar]
- La Crisis Bajo Control. Miradas Al Sur, Year 3, 150th ed. 3 April 2011. Available online: http://sur.elargentino.com/notas/la-crisis-bajo-control (accessed on 15 August 2012).
- Acquesta, A.D.; Defeo, G.; Tarulla, F.; Giraldez, G.; Gonzalez, E.M.; Kuntscher, L.; Jacovkis, P.M.; Porta, A.A.; Sánchez, E.Y.; Filkensteyn, A. Computer Systems for Interagency Emergency Management. In Proceedings of the I Congreso Latinoamericano SRA-LA 2010: “El estado del análisis de riesgo en América Latina”, Santiago de Chile, Chile, August 2010.
- Acquesta, A.D.; Sevilla, A.G.; Giraldez, G.; Defeo, G.; Tarulla, F.; Sánchez, E.Y.; Filkensteyn, A.; Porta, A.; Jacovkis, P. CRISIS System. In Proceedings of the XVI Congreso Argentino de Toxicologia, Puerto Madryn, Argentina, September 2009.
- Acquesta, A.D.; Sevilla, A.G.; Giraldez, G.; Defeo, G.; Tarulla, F.; Sánchez, E.Y.; Filkensteyn, A.; Porta, A.; Jacovkis, P.M. CRISIS Project: Computational Models for Emergency Management in Real Time. In Proceedings of the II Congreso Argentino de la Sociedad de Toxicología y Química Ambiental (SETAC), Buenos Aires, Argentina, November 2008. Summary book.
- FUNDESUMA, Manejo logístico de suministros de emergencia, Version 1.0, Curso manejo logístico de suministros de emergencia: San José, Costa Rica, 1999.
- Communal Projects Association of El Salvador (PROCOMES), Manual de Conceptos básicos sobre gestión de riesgo y preparación local ante desastres, OXFAM, ECHO, 2008.
- Sánchez, E.Y.; Gonzalez, E.M.; Colman, J.E.; Porta, A.A.; Jacovkis, P.M.; Acquesta, A.D. Model and Simulation of Regions Affected by a Chemical Incident, Ciencia y Tecnología Ambiental: Un Enfoque Integrador; Asociación Argentina para el Progreso de las Ciencias: Mar del Plata, Argentina, 2012; pp. 333–338. ISBN 978-987-28123-1-7 (in Spanish) [Google Scholar]
- Sanchez, E.Y.; Acquesta, A.D.; Colman Lerner, J.E.; Porta, A.A.; Jacovkis, P.M. Analysis with DDC Coupled to Different Models of Dispersion in Air of Chlorine Releases. In Proceedings of the Second Congress SRA-LA-Regional Society for Risk, Bogotá, Colombia, May 2012; Muñoz, F., Ed.; Society for Risk Analysis Latin American; pp. 119–125.
- Sánchez, E.Y.; Gonzalez, E.M.; Porta, A.A.; Jacovkis, P.M.; Acquesta, A.D. Simulation of a Chemical Incident with the Tool CFD-DDC: Emergency Response Planning in Cities. In Contaminación Atmosférica e Hídrica en Argentina; Puliafito, E., Ed.; Universidad Tecnológica Nacional: Mendoza, Argentina, 2011; pp. 257–268, ISBN 978-950-42-0136-6. [Google Scholar]
- Acquesta, A.D.; Sánchez, E.Y.; Porta, A.; Jacovkis, P.M. A method for computing the damage level due to the exposure to an airborne chemical with a time-varying concentration. Risk Anal. 2011, 31, 1451–1469. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sanchez, E.Y.; Acquesta, A.D.; Porta, A.A.; Jacovkis, P.M. Simulation of Chemical Accidents: Assessment of Exposure to Non-Stationary Models. In Proceedings of the I Congreso Latinoamericano SRA-LA 2010: “El estado del análisis de riesgo en América Latina”, Santiago de Chile, Chile, August 2010. (in Spanish).
- Acquesta, A.D.; Sánchez, E.Y.; Porta, A.; Jacovkis, P. Método de cálculo del daño provocado por la exposición a un perfil variable en el tiempo, de concentración de contaminantes en el aire. In Proceedings of the II Congreso Argentino de la Sociedad de Toxicología y Química Ambiental (SETAC), Mar del Plata, Argentina, November 2008.
- Crowther, K.G. Risk-informed assessment of regional preparedness: A case study of emergency potable water for hurricane response in Southeast Virginia. Int. J. Crit. Infrastructure Protection 2010, 3, 83–98. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Crowther, K.G.; Haimes, Y.Y. Development of the multiregional inoperability input-output model (MRIIM) for spatial explicitness in preparedness of interdependent regions. Syst. Engineering 2010, 13, 28–46. [Google Scholar]
- Stephan, R. National Infrastructure Protection Plan Represents Collaboration between Government and the Private Sector; The CIP Report; Zeichner Risk Analytics: Arlington, VA, USA, 2006; pp. 2–5. [Google Scholar]
© 2013 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open-access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/).
Share and Cite
Sanchez, E.Y.; Acquesta, A.A. CRISIS: A System for Risk Management. Systems 2013, 1, 3-26. https://doi.org/10.3390/systems1010003
Sanchez EY, Acquesta AA. CRISIS: A System for Risk Management. Systems. 2013; 1(1):3-26. https://doi.org/10.3390/systems1010003
Chicago/Turabian StyleSanchez, Erica Y., and Alejandro A. Acquesta. 2013. "CRISIS: A System for Risk Management" Systems 1, no. 1: 3-26. https://doi.org/10.3390/systems1010003
APA StyleSanchez, E. Y., & Acquesta, A. A. (2013). CRISIS: A System for Risk Management. Systems, 1(1), 3-26. https://doi.org/10.3390/systems1010003