Population Status of Sympatrically Breeding Skuas (Catharacta spp.) at Admiralty Bay, King George Island, Antarctica: A Case Report for 2020–2024
Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Sampling
2.3. Discrepancies in Data Used in the Study
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
- (1)
- The total number of SPS nests in IBA PH in all three seasons (2021/22, 2022/23, and 2023/24) in which the inventory was conducted met the requirement of global criterion A4, exceeding 50 pairs, with 153, 176, and 141 pairs obtained, respectively;
- (2)
- The total number of SPS nests in IBA WAB also exceeded the required 50 pairs in all four seasons (2020/21, 2021/22, 2022/23, and 2023/24), with 63, 66, 77, and 63 recorded, respectively, thus meeting the global criterion A4 for this species. Consequently, it is recommended that IBA WAB be updated and that SPS be incorporated into the criterion as an additional trigger species;
- (3)
- The expansion of both IBA boundaries is recommended.
- (a)
- IBA PH, as the exposure of new ice-free areas, has the potential to host new SPS and BS nests;
- (b)
- In the case of IBA WAB, 24 ± 3 SPS nests have been found outside the IBA boundaries, which on their own cannot form a separate IBA but could complement the existing one, particularly in the areas of Jasnorzewski Garden and Italian Valley.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Species | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
BS | SPS | MIXED | |||||||||||
Census Period | 2020/2021 | 2021/2022 | 2022/2023 | 2023/2024 | 2020/2021 | 2021/2022 | 2022/2023 | 2023/2024 | 2020/2021 | 2021/2022 | 2022/2023 | 2023/2024 | |
Stage of the Breeding Season * | |||||||||||||
1 | 31.10–20.11 | 23.10–09.11 | 03.10–04.11 | 22.10–14.11 | 22.11–12.12 | 18.11–05.12 | 17.11–14.12 | 24.11–10.12 | 10.11–04.01 | 15.11–07.12 | 05.11–06.12 | 06.11–01.12 | |
2 | 21.11–23.12 | 10.11–19.12 | 05.11–09.12 | 15.11–22.12 | 13.12–16.02 | 06.12–24.01 | 15.12–26.01 | 11.12–08.01 | 05.01–25.01 | 08.12–11.01 | 07.12–04.01 | 02.12–16.01 | |
3 | 24.12–22.01 | 20.12–24.01 | 10.12–04.01 | 23.12–27.01 | 17.02–09.03 | 25.01–31.01 | 27.01–10.02 | 09.01–28.01 | 26.01–26.02 | 12.01–09.02 | 05.01–27.01 | 17.01–28.01 | |
4 | 23.01–18.02 | 25.01–16.02 | 05.01–10.02 | 28.01–10.02 | 10.03–26.03 | 01.02–16.03 | 11.02–02.03 | N/A | N/A | 10.02–16.03 | 28.01–08.03 | N/A | |
5 | 19.02–13.04 | 17.02–31.03 | 11.02–29.03 | 11.02–26.03 | 27.03–31.03 | 17.03–30.04 | 03.03–29.03 | N/A | N/A | 17.03–31.03 | 09.03–29.03 | N/A |
Species | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
BS | SPS | MIXED | |||||||||||
Census Period | 2020/2021 | 2021/2022 | 2022/2023 | 2023/2024 | 2020/2021 | 2021/2022 | 2022/2023 | 2023/2024 | 2020/2021 | 2021/2022 | 2022/2023 | 2023/2024 | |
Stage of the Breeding Season | |||||||||||||
1 | 8 | 2 | 9 | 10 | 2 | 4 | 33 | 34 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 2 | |
2 | 26 | 26 | 24 | 18 | 21 | 56 | 58 | 46 | 3 | 6 | 8 | 7 | |
3 | 23 | 22 | 20 | 16 | 3 | 37 | 45 | 12 | 3 | 5 | 6 | 4 | |
4 | 22 | 19 | 18 | 14 | 0 | 15 | 38 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 2 | 0 | |
5 | 18 | 16 | 15 | 13 | 0 | 7 | 26 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 0 |
Census Period | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2021/2022 | 2022/2023 | 2023/2024 | ||||||||
Species Timespan | BS | SPS | MIXED | UNK | BS | SPS | MIXED | UNK | BS | SPS |
21.12–04.02 | 1 | 139 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 176 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 117 |
05.02–05.03 | 0 | 50 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 42 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 25 |
06.03–03.04 | 0 | 33 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 32 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
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Species | 1977/78 1 | 1978/79 2 | 1988/89 3 | 1989/90 4 | 1990/91 5 | 1991/92 5 | 1992/93 5 | 1994/95 5 | 2004/05 6 | 2020/21 | 2021/22 | 2022/23 | 2023/24 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
BS | at least 28 | 47 | 42 | 29 | 28 | 32 | 20 | ||||||
SPS | at least 13 | 12 | 72 | 24 | 58 | 64 | 47 | ||||||
MIX | at least 4 | 10 | 16 | 4 | 7 | 9 | 7 | ||||||
Total | at least 45 | 69 | 38 | 57 | 62 | 71 | 75 | 64 | 130 | 57 | 93 | 105 | 74 |
Census Period | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Species | 1978/79 1 | 2004/05 2 | 2004/05 3 | 2021/22 | 2022/23 | 2023/24 |
BS | 12 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
SPS | 10 | 116 | 113 | 149 | 171 | 117 |
MIX | 0 | 8 | 15 | 3 | 2 | 0 |
UNK | - | - | - | 3 | 1 | 0 |
Total | 22 | 126 | 129 | 156 | 175 | 118 |
Census Period | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2020/2021 | 2021/2022 | 2022/2023 | 2023/2024 | ||||||||||
Sp. | IBA | BR | NBR | Total Pairs | BR | NBR | Total Pairs | BR | NBR | Total Pairs | BR | NBR | Total Pairs |
BS | WAB | 29 | 13 | 42 | 28 | 7 | 35 | 32 | 8 | 40 | 20 | 10 | 30 |
PH | - | - | - | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 3 | |
SPS | WAB | 24 | 39 | 63 | 58 | 8 | 66 | 64 | 13 | 77 | 47 | 16 | 63 |
PH | - | - | - | 149 | 4 | 153 | 171 | 5 | 176 | 117 | 24 | 141 | |
MIX | WAB | 4 | 12 | 16 | 7 | 2 | 9 | 9 | 2 | 11 | 7 | 3 | 10 |
PH | - | - | - | 3 | 0 | 3 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
UNK | PH | - | - | - | 3 | 0 | 3 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Census Period | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2020/2021 | 2021/2022 | 2022/2023 | 2023/2024 | ||||||
Species | Location | BR | NBR | BR | NBR | BR | NBR | BR | NBR |
BS | N | 1 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
S | - | - | 0 | 0 | - | - | - | - | |
SPS | N | 7 | 12 | 24 | 0 | 25 | 2 | 21 | 5 |
S | - | - | 5 | 0 | - | - | - | - | |
MIX | N | 0 | 3 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
S | - | - | 0 | 0 | - | - | - | - |
Census Period | Species | Number of Pairs with Two Fledglings | Number of Pairs with One Fledgling | Number of Fledglings |
---|---|---|---|---|
2020/2021 | BS | 3 | 15 | 21 |
SPS | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
MIX | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
2021/2022 | BS | 8 | 8 | 24 |
SPS | 0 | 7 | 7 | |
MIX | 0 | 2 | 2 | |
2022/2023 | BS | 2 | 13 | 17 |
SPS | 0 | 26 | 26 | |
MIX | 0 | 2 | 2 | |
2023/2024 | BS | 4 | 9 | 17 |
SPS | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
MIX | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Census Period | Species | Number of Pairs with Two Fledglings | Number of Pairs with One Fledgling | Number of Pairs with Two Chicks | Number of Pairs with One Chick | Number of Pairs with at Least One Chick or Fledgling |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2021/2022 | BS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
SPS | 0 | 30 | 1 | 9 | 40 | |
MIX | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
UNK | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
2022/2023 | BS | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
SPS | 2 | 30 | 1 | 5 | 38 | |
MIX | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | |
UNK | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
2023/2024 | BS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
SPS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
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Komarowska, K.; Fudala, K.; Dziembowski, M.; Hagge, A.; Bialik, R.J. Population Status of Sympatrically Breeding Skuas (Catharacta spp.) at Admiralty Bay, King George Island, Antarctica: A Case Report for 2020–2024. Biology 2025, 14, 305. https://doi.org/10.3390/biology14030305
Komarowska K, Fudala K, Dziembowski M, Hagge A, Bialik RJ. Population Status of Sympatrically Breeding Skuas (Catharacta spp.) at Admiralty Bay, King George Island, Antarctica: A Case Report for 2020–2024. Biology. 2025; 14(3):305. https://doi.org/10.3390/biology14030305
Chicago/Turabian StyleKomarowska, Katarzyna, Katarzyna Fudala, Michał Dziembowski, Alexander Hagge, and Robert Józef Bialik. 2025. "Population Status of Sympatrically Breeding Skuas (Catharacta spp.) at Admiralty Bay, King George Island, Antarctica: A Case Report for 2020–2024" Biology 14, no. 3: 305. https://doi.org/10.3390/biology14030305
APA StyleKomarowska, K., Fudala, K., Dziembowski, M., Hagge, A., & Bialik, R. J. (2025). Population Status of Sympatrically Breeding Skuas (Catharacta spp.) at Admiralty Bay, King George Island, Antarctica: A Case Report for 2020–2024. Biology, 14(3), 305. https://doi.org/10.3390/biology14030305