Exaptation of Retroviral Syncytin for Development of Syncytialized Placenta, Its Limited Homology to the SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein and Arguments against Disturbing Narrative in the Context of COVID-19 Vaccination
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Types of Mammalian Placenta
3. Exaptation of Retroviral Genes for Placental Function
4. Endogenous Retroviral Gene Function in the Placenta
5. Other Syncytins
6. Hypothetical Role of Syncytin-1 in Fertilization
7. Syncytin Role in Cancer Cell Fusion
8. How Syncytin Facilitates Cell Membrane Fusion?
9. Syncytin Functions beyond Cell Fusion—The Immunomodulatory Functions
10. The Limited Similarity of Syncytin to SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein
11. Conclusions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Kloc, M.; Uosef, A.; Kubiak, J.Z.; Ghobrial, R.M. Exaptation of Retroviral Syncytin for Development of Syncytialized Placenta, Its Limited Homology to the SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein and Arguments against Disturbing Narrative in the Context of COVID-19 Vaccination. Biology 2021, 10, 238. https://doi.org/10.3390/biology10030238
Kloc M, Uosef A, Kubiak JZ, Ghobrial RM. Exaptation of Retroviral Syncytin for Development of Syncytialized Placenta, Its Limited Homology to the SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein and Arguments against Disturbing Narrative in the Context of COVID-19 Vaccination. Biology. 2021; 10(3):238. https://doi.org/10.3390/biology10030238
Chicago/Turabian StyleKloc, Malgorzata, Ahmed Uosef, Jacek Z. Kubiak, and Rafik M. Ghobrial. 2021. "Exaptation of Retroviral Syncytin for Development of Syncytialized Placenta, Its Limited Homology to the SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein and Arguments against Disturbing Narrative in the Context of COVID-19 Vaccination" Biology 10, no. 3: 238. https://doi.org/10.3390/biology10030238