Anemonia sulcata and Its Symbiont Symbiodinium as a Source of Anti-Tumor and Anti-Oxidant Compounds for Colon Cancer Therapy: A Preliminary In Vitro Study
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Chemicals, Cell Lines and Animals
2.2. Proximate Composition and Fatty Acid Profile
2.3. Anemonia sulcata Crude Extract Preparation W and W/O the Symbiont
2.4. Ethanolic Extraction of Anemonia sulcata W and W/O the Symbiont
2.5. Anemone Protein Hydrolysates
2.6. Mass Spectrophotometry Analysis
2.7. In Vitro Digestibility of the Crude Extracts
2.8. Antioxidant Activity of the Samples
2.8.1. Quantification of Total Polyphenols
2.8.2. Free Radicals’ Uptake/Retention (ABTS)
2.8.3. Antioxidant Activity in Cultured Cells
2.9. Antiproliferative Activity in CRC Cells
2.10. Cell Cycle and Apoptosis Assay
2.11. Wound Healing Assay
2.12. Multicellular Tumor Spheroids Antitumor Assay
2.13. Statistical Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Proximate Composition and Fatty Acid Profile
3.2. Anemone Protein Hydrolysates
3.3. Mass Spectrophotometry Analysis
3.4. In Vitro Digestibility
3.5. Antioxidant Activity of the Samples
3.5.1. Quantification of Total Polyphenols
3.5.2. Assessment of Free Radicals’ Uptake/Retention
3.5.3. Antioxidant Activity in Cultured Cells
3.6. Antitumor Activity
3.6.1. Antiproliferative Effect in Cultured Cells
3.6.2. Cell Cycle Assay
3.6.3. Wound Healing Assay
3.6.4. Multicellular Tumor Spheroids Antitumor Assay
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
W/O | without |
CRC | colorectal cancer |
MNPs | marine natural products |
MDR | multidrug resistance |
HMEC | Human Microvascular Endothelial Cells |
MTT | 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-Diphenyltetrazolium Bromide |
DMSO | dimethyl sulfoxide |
ABTS | 2,2′-Azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) |
CCK-8 | Cell Counting Kit-8 |
ATCC | American Type Culture Collection |
CIC-UGR | Centre for Scientific Instrumentation of the University of Granada |
DMEM | Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle’s Medium |
PH | protein hydrolysate |
SDS-PAGE | sodium dodecyl sulfate–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis |
HOMG | crude homogenates |
UPLC | ultra-performance liquid chromatography |
QTOF | quadrupole-time-of-flight |
MS | mass fragments |
RT | retention times |
GAE | gallic acid equivalent |
%RP | relative proliferation |
ETOH | ethanolic extracts |
IC50 | half-maximal inhibitory concentration |
MTS | multicellular tumor spheroids |
SD | standard deviation |
PUFA | polyunsaturated fatty acids |
SFA | saturated fatty acids |
EPA | 5,8,11,14,17-eicosapentaenoic acid |
DHA | cis-4,7,10,13,16,19-docosahexaenoic acid |
MW | molecular weight |
DIAL | dialyzed |
RET | retained |
ROS | reactive oxygen species |
FITC | fluorescein |
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HOMG W | |||||||||
RT | PPM | [M-H]- | MF | Compound | MS Fragments | Biological Activity | Ref. | ||
0.98 | 2 | 203.056 | C8H12O6 | * Gadusol | 153.0464 | 1,369,942 | 119.042 | Antioxidant | [41] |
1.22 | −2.2 | 315.1225 | C18H20O5 | Combretastatin A-4 | 159.0089 | 151.0379 | 120.0161 | Antitumor | [44,45] |
2.73 | 4 | 455.2217 | C23H37O7P | * 1-Arachidonoylglycerone 3-phosphate (arachidonic acid -ARA derived) | 267.0494 | 119.0465 | 112.9926 | Unknown | [46] |
11.8 | −2.2 | 645.3082 | C38H46O9 | Neogambogic acid | 554.2553 | 553.3141 | 267.0923 | Antitumor | [47] |
12.59 | −1 | 599.3214 | C34H48O9 | Casearupestrin A, B | 555.2526 | 373.0900 | 313.1264 | Antitumor | [48] |
14.58 | 6 | 603.4449 | C40H60O4 | * Ophioxanthol (carotenoid) | 347.2022 | 327.2592 | 301.2049 | Antioxidant | [42] |
HOMG W/O | |||||||||
RT | PPM | [M-H]- | MF | Compound | MS Fragments | Biological Activity | Ref. | ||
1.02 | 0 | 203.0556 | C8H12O6 | * Gadusol | 173.0172 | 119.9808 | 112.9946 | Antioxidant | [41] |
3.92 | −9.5 | 483.2489 | C32H36O4 | 2-(4-Cyclohexylphenyl)-2-oxoethyl 4-{[4-(2-methyl-2-propanyl)phenoxy] methyl}benzoate | 239.0783 | 119.0519 | 112.995 | Unknown | - |
11.44 | −0.9 | 645.3058 | C38H46O9 | Neogambogic acid | 554.2521 | 433.0973 | 239.0723 | Antitumor | [47] |
14.33 | −3.7 | 599.3198 | C34H48O9 | Casearupestrin A, B | 554.2556 | 415.2043 | 347.2144 | Antitumor | [48] |
14.09 | −9.9 | 464.3231 | C29H43N3O2 | Olivoretin A, B, C, E | 377.2533 | 347.2082 | 267.0982 | Inactive | [49] |
14.58 | 2.3 | 603.4427 | C40H60O4 | * Ophioxanthol (carotenoid) | 348.2070 | 301.2073 | 179.0856 | Antioxidant | [42] |
15.63 | 3.1 | 835.5445 | C43H80O15 | 3-{[6-O-(α-D-Galactopyranosyl)-β-D-galactopyranosyl]oxy}-1,2-propanediyl ditetradecanoate | 554.255 | 553.3211 | 347.2074 | Unknown | - |
W Symbiont | W/O Symbiont | |
---|---|---|
HOMG | 13.37 ± 0.59 | 13.77 ± 0.13 |
EXTOH | 12.55 ± 0.19 | 9.4 ± 0.21 |
PH | 11.23 ± 0.19 | 9.31 ± 0.52 |
CONTROL DIAL | 5.75 ± 0.45 | 5.87 ± 0.6 |
CONTROL RET | 4.96 ± 0.27 | 6.17 ± 0.53 |
HOMG DIAL | 7.26 ± 0.8 | 9.19 ± 0.95 |
HOMG RET | 6.44 ± 0.3 | 7.75 ± 0.38 |
W Symbiont | W/O Symbiont | |
---|---|---|
HOMG | 4.71 ± 0.13 | 5.21 ± 0.04 |
EXTOH | 1.97 ± 0.04 | 4.4 ± 0.17 |
PH | 9.81 ± 0.9 | 4.53 ± 0.2 |
CONTROL DIAL | 7.73 ± 0.2 | 8.66 ± 0.42 |
CONTROL RET | 4.08 ± 0.43 | 6.59 ± 0.69 |
HOMG DIAL | 0 ± 0.51 | 1.52 ± 0.5 |
HOMG RET | 1.81 ± 0.11 | 0.83 ± 0.14 |
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Cabeza, L.; Peña, M.; Martínez, R.; Mesas, C.; Galisteo, M.; Perazzoli, G.; Prados, J.; Porres, J.M.; Melguizo, C. Anemonia sulcata and Its Symbiont Symbiodinium as a Source of Anti-Tumor and Anti-Oxidant Compounds for Colon Cancer Therapy: A Preliminary In Vitro Study. Biology 2021, 10, 134. https://doi.org/10.3390/biology10020134
Cabeza L, Peña M, Martínez R, Mesas C, Galisteo M, Perazzoli G, Prados J, Porres JM, Melguizo C. Anemonia sulcata and Its Symbiont Symbiodinium as a Source of Anti-Tumor and Anti-Oxidant Compounds for Colon Cancer Therapy: A Preliminary In Vitro Study. Biology. 2021; 10(2):134. https://doi.org/10.3390/biology10020134
Chicago/Turabian StyleCabeza, Laura, Mercedes Peña, Rosario Martínez, Cristina Mesas, Milagros Galisteo, Gloria Perazzoli, Jose Prados, Jesús M. Porres, and Consolación Melguizo. 2021. "Anemonia sulcata and Its Symbiont Symbiodinium as a Source of Anti-Tumor and Anti-Oxidant Compounds for Colon Cancer Therapy: A Preliminary In Vitro Study" Biology 10, no. 2: 134. https://doi.org/10.3390/biology10020134