Extraction of Aloesin from Aloe vera Rind Using Alternative Green Solvents: Process Optimization and Biological Activity Assessment
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Plant Material
2.2. Experimental Design for Extraction Process Optimization
2.3. Extraction Process
2.4. Chromatographic Analysis of Aloesin
2.5. Extraction Process Modelling and Statistical Analysis
2.6. Dose–Response Analysis of the Solid/Liquid Ratio and Models Validation
2.7. Evaluation of Bioactive Properties
2.7.1. Lipid Peroxidation Inhibition Capacity
2.7.2. Antibacterial Activity
2.7.3. Antifungal Activity
2.7.4. Cytotoxic Activity
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Experimental Data for Extraction Process Optimization
3.2. Models Fitting and Statistical Verification
3.3. Effect of the Extraction Parameters on Aloesin Content and Optimal Extraction Conditions
3.4. Models Validation and Effect of the Solid–Liquid Ratio
3.5. Bioactive Properties of the Aloesin Extracts
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Run | Experimental CCRD Design Matrix | Aloesin Content (mg/L) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
X1: t (min) | X2: T (°C) | X3: S (%) | EtOH-W System | PG-W System | Gly-W System | |
1 | 51 (−1) | 39 (−1) | 20 (−1) | 35 ± 1 | 30.0 ± 0.6 | 46 ± 4 |
2 | 170 (+1) | 39 (−1) | 20 (−1) | 30.2 ± 0.9 | 24 ± 2 | 45 ± 2 |
3 | 51 (−1) | 81 (+1) | 20 (−1) | 30 ± 1 | 38.7 ± 0.9 | 39.7 ± 0.8 |
4 | 170 (+1) | 81 (+1) | 20 (−1) | 29.8 ± 0.8 | 31 ± 2 | 44.4 ± 0.6 |
5 | 51 (−1) | 39 (−1) | 80 (+1) | 9.5 ± 0.1 | 28± 4 | 27 ± 2 |
6 | 170 (+1) | 39 (−1) | 80 (+1) | 9.3 ± 0.1 | 28.1 ± 0.6 | 31.3 ± 0.7 |
7 | 51 (−1) | 81 (+1) | 80 (+1) | 9.5 ± 0.1 | 20.6 ± 0.3 | 21 ± 3 |
8 | 170 (+1) | 81 (+1) | 80 (+1) | 13.85 ± 0.07 | 20.8 ± 0.1 | 21 ± 1 |
9 | 10 (−1.68) | 60 (0) | 50 (0) | 33.4 ± 0.9 | 64 ± 1 | 52 ± 3 |
10 | 210 (+1.68) | 60 (0) | 50 (0) | 23 ± 1 | 33.7 ± 0.4 | 42 ± 1 |
11 | 110 (0) | 25 (−1.68) | 50 (0) | 11.1 ± 0.2 | 37 ± 1 | 57 ± 3 |
12 | 110 (0) | 95 (+1.68) | 50 (0) | 16.5 ± 0.2 | 33 ± 1 | 55.2 ± 0.7 |
13 | 110 (0) | 60 (0) | 0 (−1.68) | 48 ± 1 | 47.7 ± 0.3 | 47.9 ± 0.7 |
14 | 110 (0) | 60 (0) | 100 (+1.68) | tr | 20.2 ± 0.8 | 28.29 ± 0.01 |
15 | 110 (0) | 60 (0) | 50 (0) | 35 ± 1 | 35 ± 3 | 40 ± 2 |
16 | 110 (0) | 60 (0) | 50 (0) | 33 ± 1 | 29.0 ± 0.1 | 39 ± 4 |
17 | 110 (0) | 60 (0) | 50 (0) | 33 ± 2 | 37 ± 1 | 43 ± 4 |
18 | 110 (0) | 60 (0) | 50 (0) | 34 ± 1 | 37 ± 2 | 40 ± 6 |
19 | 110 (0) | 60 (0) | 50 (0) | 34 ± 2 | 31 ± 3 | 41 ± 2 |
20 | 110 (0) | 60 (0) | 50 (0) | 34 ± 2 | 38 ± 1 | 36.5 ± 0.5 |
Coefficients # | EtOH-W System | PG-W System | Gly-W System | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Intercept | b0 | 33.9 ± 0.4 | 33.0 ± 0.8 | 40 ± 1 |
Linear terms | b1 | −2.9 ± 0.4 | −9.0 ± 0.9 | −3 ± 1 |
b2 | −1.3 ± 0.6 * | −1.1 ± 0.9 * | −1 ± 1 * | |
b3 | −14.1 ± 0.4 | −8.2 ± 0.9 | −6 ± 1 | |
Quadratic terms | b11 | −2.0 ± 0.3 | 5.6 ± 0.6 | 2.5 ± 0.8 |
b22 | −7.2 ± 0.3 | ns | 5.7 ± 0.8 | |
b33 | −3.7 ± 0.3 | ns | ns | |
Cubic terms | b222 | 0.9 ± 0.3 | ns | ns |
Interaction terms | b12 | 1.1 ± 0.4 | −0.8 ± 0.3 * | 0.9 ± 0.4 * |
b13 | 1.1 ± 0.4 | 1.8 ± 0.8 | 0.9 ± 0.4 * | |
b23 | 1.2 ± 0.4 | −3.9 ± 0.8 | ns | |
b113 | 3.9 ± 0.6 | 5 ± 1 | −4 ± 1 | |
b122 | 2.9 ± 0.6 | 7 ± 1 | 4 ± 1 | |
b1122 | ns | −12 ± 1 | −11 ± 1 | |
Statistical Data | Model F-value | 232.64 | 29.53 | 23.54 |
Lack of Fit | ns | ns | ns | |
R2 | 0.9904 | 0.9291 | 0.9099 | |
R2adj | 0.9862 | 0.8976 | 0.8699 | |
Ad. Precision | 57.21 | 24.32 | 17.3697 | |
C.V. (%) | 5.80 | 9.85 | 9.32 | |
Optimal Conditions | X1 (min) | 92.9 | 12.0 | 42.2 |
X2 (°C) | 55.9 | 60.6 | 56.8 | |
X3 (%, w/w) | 0.0 | 51.1 | 17.5 | |
Response Optimum | Model-predicted | 48 ± 1 mg/L | 63 ± 2 mg/L | 57 ± 2 mg/L |
Experimental | 51 ± 4 mg/L | 65 ± 4 mg/L | 61 ± 3 mg/L |
EtOH-W Extract | PG-W Extract | Gly-W Extract | Positive Control * | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
TBARS (EC50, µg/mL) # | 310 ± 21 a | 432 ± 18 b | 610 ± 13 c | 5.4 ± 0.3 | ||||
Antibacterial Activity | MIC | MBC | MIC | MBC | MIC | MBC | MIC | MBC |
Staphylococcus aureus | 1.5 | 3 | 1.5 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 0.006 | 0.012 |
Staphylococcus epidermidis | 1.5 | 2 | 1.5 | 2 | na | na | 0.003 | 0.006 |
Staphylococcus lugdunensis | 2 | 3 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 0.025 | 0.05 |
Micrococcus flavus | 2 | 4 | 1.5 | 2 | na | na | 0.2 | 0.3 |
Listeria monocytogenes | 2 | 4 | 0.25 | 0.5 | na | na | 0.2 | 0.3 |
Escherichia coli | 3 | 4 | 1 | 2 | 1.5 | 2 | 0.006 | 0.012 |
Pseudomonas aeruginosa | na | na | 0.5 | 1 | 1.5 | 2 | 0.025 | 0.05 |
Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium | 2 | 3 | 0.25 | 0.5 | na | na | 0.25 | 0.5 |
Antifungal Activity | MIC | MBC | MIC | MBC | MIC | MBC | MIC | MBC |
Aspergillus flavus | 1.5 | 2 | 1 | 2 | na | na | 0.25 | 0.5 |
Aspergillus niger | 2 | 4 | 1.5 | 2 | na | na | 0.2 | 0.5 |
Penicillium funiculosum | 1 | 2 | 1 | 2 | na | na | 0.2 | 0.5 |
Candida albicans | 2 | 4 | 0.7 | 1 | 2 | 4 | 0.4 | 0.8 |
Trichophyton mentagrophytes | 1 | 2 | 0.12 | 1 | 2 | 4 | 0.012 | 0.025 |
Trichophyton tonsurans | 0.5 | 1 | 0.25 | 0.5 | 2 | 4 | 0.0015 | 0.003 |
Microsporum gypseum | 1 | 2 | 0.5 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 0.006 | 0.012 |
Microsporum canis | 1 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 0.5 | 1 | 0.003 | 0.006 |
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Añibarro-Ortega, M.; Pinela, J.; Ćirić, A.; Lopes, E.; Molina, A.K.; Calhelha, R.C.; Soković, M.; Ferreira, O.; Ferreira, I.C.F.R.; Barros, L. Extraction of Aloesin from Aloe vera Rind Using Alternative Green Solvents: Process Optimization and Biological Activity Assessment. Biology 2021, 10, 951. https://doi.org/10.3390/biology10100951
Añibarro-Ortega M, Pinela J, Ćirić A, Lopes E, Molina AK, Calhelha RC, Soković M, Ferreira O, Ferreira ICFR, Barros L. Extraction of Aloesin from Aloe vera Rind Using Alternative Green Solvents: Process Optimization and Biological Activity Assessment. Biology. 2021; 10(10):951. https://doi.org/10.3390/biology10100951
Chicago/Turabian StyleAñibarro-Ortega, Mikel, José Pinela, Ana Ćirić, Elsa Lopes, Adriana K. Molina, Ricardo C. Calhelha, Marina Soković, Olga Ferreira, Isabel C. F. R. Ferreira, and Lillian Barros. 2021. "Extraction of Aloesin from Aloe vera Rind Using Alternative Green Solvents: Process Optimization and Biological Activity Assessment" Biology 10, no. 10: 951. https://doi.org/10.3390/biology10100951