The Use of Antimicrobials in Italian Heavy Pig Fattening Farms
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Sample Selection and Data Collection
4.2. Estimation of Antimicrobial Use
4.3. Data Management and Statistical Analysis
4.4. Data Availability
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Class | Total AMU (%) | % of farms with use> 0 | % of AMU at Farm-Level:Median (Range) |
---|---|---|---|
Aminocyclitols | 0.4 | 45.5 | 0 (0–5.4) |
Aminoglycosides | 3.4 | 11.2 | 0 (0–32.6) |
Amphenicols | 2.2 | 82.5 | 1.1 (0–100) |
Cephalosporins (III and IV gen.) | 0.1 | 9.8 | 0 (0–6.7) |
Lincosamides | 22.1 | 69.2 | 3.2 (0–95.8) |
Macrolides | 8.8 | 63.6 | 2.1 (0–82.3) |
Penicillins | 13.4 | 91.6 | 11.9 (0–74.4) |
Penicillins (antistaphylococcal) | 0.2 | 51.7 | < 0.1 (0–5.8) |
Pleuromutilins | 9.2 | 55.9 | 1.9 (0–89.3) |
Polymyxins | 5.3 | 51.7 | 0.1 (0–55.3) |
Quinolones | 2.6 | 58.7 | 0.1 (0–54.6) |
Sulphonamides | 5.6 | 26.6 | 0 (0–93.3) |
Tetracyclines | 26.6 | 83.2 | 24.5 (0–97.9) |
Formulation | |||
Injectables | 5.4 | 96.5 | 3.1 (0–100) |
Premixes | 42.9 | 72.7 | 42.9 (0–99.9) |
Oral (powder and solutions) | 51.7 | 85.3 | 40.2 (0–100) |
Active Ingredient | Class | Form |
---|---|---|
Dicloxacillin | Penicillins (antistaphylococcal) | Injectable |
Sulfadiazine | Sulphonamides | Injectable |
Sulfadimidine | Sulphonamides | Injectable |
Sulfamerazine | Sulphonamides | Injectable |
Tildipirosin | Macrolides | Injectable |
Tulathromycin | Macrolides | Injectable |
Ampicillin | Penicillins | Premix |
Flumequine | Quinolones | Premix |
Gentamicin | Aminoglycosides | Premix |
Sulfamerazine | Sulphonamides | Premix |
Thiamphenicol | Amphenicols | Premix |
Dicloxacillin | Penicillins (antistaphylococcal) | Injectable |
Sulfadiazine | Sulphonamides | Injectable |
Sulfadimidine | Sulphonamides | Injectable |
Sulfamerazine | Sulphonamides | Injectable |
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Scali, F.; Santucci, G.; Maisano, A.M.; Giudici, F.; Guadagno, F.; Tonni, M.; Amicabile, A.; Formenti, N.; Giacomini, E.; Lazzaro, M.; et al. The Use of Antimicrobials in Italian Heavy Pig Fattening Farms. Antibiotics 2020, 9, 892. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics9120892
Scali F, Santucci G, Maisano AM, Giudici F, Guadagno F, Tonni M, Amicabile A, Formenti N, Giacomini E, Lazzaro M, et al. The Use of Antimicrobials in Italian Heavy Pig Fattening Farms. Antibiotics. 2020; 9(12):892. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics9120892
Chicago/Turabian StyleScali, Federico, Giovanni Santucci, Antonio M. Maisano, Francesca Giudici, Federica Guadagno, Matteo Tonni, Alberto Amicabile, Nicoletta Formenti, Enrico Giacomini, Massimiliano Lazzaro, and et al. 2020. "The Use of Antimicrobials in Italian Heavy Pig Fattening Farms" Antibiotics 9, no. 12: 892. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics9120892
APA StyleScali, F., Santucci, G., Maisano, A. M., Giudici, F., Guadagno, F., Tonni, M., Amicabile, A., Formenti, N., Giacomini, E., Lazzaro, M., Bontempi, G., Vitale, N., Alban, L., Dewulf, J., Ianieri, A., Ghidini, S., Belluzzi, G., Candela, L., Maggio, A., ... Alborali, G. L. (2020). The Use of Antimicrobials in Italian Heavy Pig Fattening Farms. Antibiotics, 9(12), 892. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics9120892