Abundance and Dynamic Distribution of Antibiotic Resistance Genes in the Environment Surrounding a Veterinary Antibiotic Manufacturing Site
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Detection of Resistance Genes by qPCR Assay
2.2. Analysis of Absolute Abundance of ARGs by qPCR
2.3. Relative Abundance of ARGs
2.4. Correlation Analysis of ARGs with Integron intI and Transposon tnpA-IS4
2.5. Soil Moisture Content
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Reagents and Instrumentation
4.2. Sample Collection and Processing
4.3. Selection of 11 Resistance Genes
4.4. Antibiotic Residue Analysis
4.5. DNA Extraction
4.6. Fluorescence Quantitative PCR
4.7. Data Processing
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Relative Abundance | October | December | March | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
F * | p * | F | p | F | p | |
RtetC | 0.264 | 0.850 | 1.983 | 0.163 | 0.304 | 0.822 |
RtetO | 3.270 | 0.053 | 1.533 | 0.259 | 0.978 | 0.404 |
Rsul1 | 2.843 | 0.071 | 34.329 | 0.000 | 1.922 | 0.167 |
Rsul2 | 0.954 | 0.440 | 0.125 | 0.944 | 6.919 | 0.004 |
Rsul3 | 0.747 | 0.548 | 1.727 | 0.215 | 2.985 | 0.261 |
RermA | - | - | - | - | 0.204 | 0.843 |
RermB | 3.920 | 0.073 | 6.595 | 0.008 | 0.508 | 0.683 |
RblaSHV | 2.837 | 0.073 | 3.011 | 0.066 | 26.119 | 0.000 |
RblaCTX-M | 3.483 | 0.058 | - | - | 37.296 | 0.000 |
RblaOXA-10 | 0.701 | 0.565 | 25.305 | 0.000 | 1.402 | 0.278 |
RampC | 3.854 | 0.030 | 13.569 | 0.000 | 14.981 | 0.000 |
Rint1 | 0.314 | 0.815 | 3.512 | 0.049 | 4.720 | 0.015 |
RtnpA IS4 | 0.550 | 0.656 | 26.040 | 0.000 | 2.637 | 0.090 |
Relative Abundance | October | December | March | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Rint1 | RtnpA IS4 | Rint1 | RtnpA IS4 | Rint1 | RtnpA IS4 | |
RtetC | 0.74 * | 0.37 | −0.56 * | 0.14 | 0.18 | 0.27 |
RtetO | 0.56 * | −0.23 | 0.57 * | 0.47 | 0.35 | 0.22 |
Rsul1 | 0.59 * | −0.33 | −0.21 | 0.95 * | 0.74 * | 0.68 |
Rsul2 | 0.01 | 0.21 | 0.06 | 0.14 | −0.37 | −0.12 |
Rsul3 | 0.02 | 0.23 | 0.32 | −0.3 | −0.01 | 0.26 |
RermA | - | - | - | - | −0.94 | −0.73 |
RermB | 0.35 | 0.71 | 0.59 * | 0.87 * | 0.56 * | 0.42 |
RampC | −0.19 | 0.62 * | 0.47 | −0.84 * | −0.45 | 0.59 * |
RblaSHV | −0.3 | 0.51 * | −0.04 | −0.65 * | −0.50 * | −0.18 |
RblaCTX-M | 0.24 | 0.37 | - | - | −0.5 | 0.62 |
RblaOXA-10 | 0.44 | 0.57 * | 0.6 0 * | 0.83 * | 0.44 | 0.25 |
Sample | October | December | March | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Point A | Point B | Point A | Point B | Point A | Point B | |
1 | 3.33% | - | 1.67% | 10.33% | 2.38% | 4.41% |
2 | 3.38% | 4.65% | 4.00% | 13.91% | 1.67% | 5.00% |
3 | 1.67% | 6.00% | 4.20% | 15.09% | 2.98% | 3.31% |
4 | 2.00% | 5.33% | 14.92% | 14.69% | 1.33% | 11.33% |
5 | 4.00% | 10.67% | 4.33% | - | 1.99% | 1.99% |
Types | ARGs | Primer Sequence | Amplicon Size (bp) | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
Tetracyclines | tetC | CATATCGCAATACATGCGAAAAA AAAGCCGCGGTAAATAGCAA | 78 | [50] |
tetO | ACGGAGAGTTTATTGTATACC TGGCGTATCTATAATGTTGAC | 171 | [50] | |
Sulfonamides | Sul1 | CGCACCGGAAACATCGCTGCAC TGAAGTTCCGCCGCAAGGCTCG | 162 | [51] |
Sul2 | TCCGGTGGAGGCCGGTATCTGG CGGGAATGCCATCTGCCTTGAG | 190 | [52] | |
Sul3 | TCCGTTCAGCGAATTGGTGCAG TTCGTTCACGCTTTACACCAGC | 127 | [52] | |
Macrolides | ermA | GAAATCGGATCAGGAAAAGG AACAGCAAACCCAAAGCTC | 332 | [53] |
ermB | GATACCGTTTACGAAATTGG GAATCGAGACTTGAGTGTGC | 364 | [53] | |
β-lactams | blaOXA-10 | CGCAATTATCGGCCTAGAAACT TTGGCTTTCCGTCCCATTT | 71 | [54] |
blaSHV | GCGAAAGCCAGCTGTCGGGC ATTGGCGGCGCTGTTATCGC | 302 | [55] | |
blaCTX-M | GGAGGCGTGACGGCTTTT TTCAGTGCGATCCAGACGAA | 63 | [56] | |
ampC | CAGCCGCTGATGAAAAAATATG CAGCGAGCCCACTTCGA | 147 | [57] | |
Integron | intI | TCGTGCGTCGCCATCACA GCTTGTTCTACGGCACGTTTGA | 67 | [58] |
Transposon | tnpA-IS4 | GGGCGGGTCGATTGAAA GTGGGCGGGATCTGCTT | 108 | [54] |
16S rRNA | V4 | GTGCCAGCAGCCGCGGTAA GGACTACAAGGGTATCTAAT | 292 | [59] |
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Miao, J.; Yin, Z.; Yang, Y.; Liang, Y.; Xu, X.; Shi, H. Abundance and Dynamic Distribution of Antibiotic Resistance Genes in the Environment Surrounding a Veterinary Antibiotic Manufacturing Site. Antibiotics 2021, 10, 1361. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics10111361
Miao J, Yin Z, Yang Y, Liang Y, Xu X, Shi H. Abundance and Dynamic Distribution of Antibiotic Resistance Genes in the Environment Surrounding a Veterinary Antibiotic Manufacturing Site. Antibiotics. 2021; 10(11):1361. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics10111361
Chicago/Turabian StyleMiao, Junjie, Zhendong Yin, Yuqin Yang, Yiwen Liang, Xiangdong Xu, and Hongmei Shi. 2021. "Abundance and Dynamic Distribution of Antibiotic Resistance Genes in the Environment Surrounding a Veterinary Antibiotic Manufacturing Site" Antibiotics 10, no. 11: 1361. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics10111361