Advanced Urea Precursors Driven NiCo2O4 Nanostructures Based Non-Enzymatic Urea Sensor for Milk and Urine Real Sample Applications
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods Used
2.1. Chemical Reagents
2.2. Effect of Various Urea Concentrations on the Structure Orientation of NiCo2O4 Nanostructures during Hydrothermal Method
2.3. Crystal Quality and Morphology Investigations of Various NiCo2O4 Nanostructures
2.4. Different Urea Concentrations’ Role towards the Enhancement of Electrochemical Properties of NiCo2O4 Nanostructure for the Development of Advanced Non-Enzymatic Urea Sensors
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Morphology and Crystalline Studies of as Prepared NiCo2O4 Nanostructures
3.2. Non-Enzymatic Urea Sensor Based on NiCo2O4 Nanomaterial
3.3. Real Sample Analytical Application of Proposed Non-Enzymatic Urea Sensor
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sensing Material | Linear Range (mM) | Limit of Detection (LOD) (μM) | Method of Detection | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
NiO–MoO3 | 0.2–1 | 0.86 | Non-enzymatic | [36] |
NiCo2O4 | 0.01–5 | 1 | Non-enzymatic | [16] |
NiS/GO/MGCE | 0.1–1.0 | 3.79 | Non-enzymatic sensor | [37] |
Urease/ZrO2 thin film/Au | 0.8–16.6 | 442 | Enzymatic | [38] |
Ni(OH)2/Mn3O4/ rGO/PANi | 0.03–3.3 | 16.3 | Non-enzymatic | [39] |
(Ni-MOF) nanobelts | 0.01–7.0 | 2.23 | Non-enzymatic | [40] |
nano-PANI:PSS | 0.2–0.9 | 919.3 | Enzymatic | [41] |
NiCo2O4 nanorods | 0.1–10 0.1–8 | 6 | Non-enzymatic (CV) (chronoamperometry | This work |
Sample | Added (mM) | Found (mM) | (%) Recovery | (%) RSD |
---|---|---|---|---|
Urine | - | 2.3 | - | |
- | 0.5 | 2.81 ± 0.002 | 100.35 | 0.42 |
- | 1 | 3.32 ± 0.003 | 100 | 0.37 |
Milk 1 | - | 1.95 | - | |
- | 1 | 2.94 ± 0.005 | 99 | 0.30 |
- | 1.5 | 3.46 ± 0.007 | 100 | 0.34 |
Milk 2 | 2.4 | - | ||
- | 1.5 | 3.91 ± 0.004 | 100.25 | 0.27 |
- | 2.5 | 4.89 ± 0.002 | 99.79 | 0.30 |
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Mangrio, S.; Tahira, A.; Chang, A.S.; Mahar, I.A.; Markhand, M.; Shah, A.A.; Medany, S.S.; Nafady, A.; Dawi, E.A.; Saleem, L.M.A.; et al. Advanced Urea Precursors Driven NiCo2O4 Nanostructures Based Non-Enzymatic Urea Sensor for Milk and Urine Real Sample Applications. Biosensors 2023, 13, 444. https://doi.org/10.3390/bios13040444
Mangrio S, Tahira A, Chang AS, Mahar IA, Markhand M, Shah AA, Medany SS, Nafady A, Dawi EA, Saleem LMA, et al. Advanced Urea Precursors Driven NiCo2O4 Nanostructures Based Non-Enzymatic Urea Sensor for Milk and Urine Real Sample Applications. Biosensors. 2023; 13(4):444. https://doi.org/10.3390/bios13040444
Chicago/Turabian StyleMangrio, Sanjha, Aneela Tahira, Abdul Sattar Chang, Ihsan Ali Mahar, Mehnaz Markhand, Aqeel Ahmed Shah, Shymaa S. Medany, Ayman Nafady, Elmuez A. Dawi, Lama M. A. Saleem, and et al. 2023. "Advanced Urea Precursors Driven NiCo2O4 Nanostructures Based Non-Enzymatic Urea Sensor for Milk and Urine Real Sample Applications" Biosensors 13, no. 4: 444. https://doi.org/10.3390/bios13040444