Pd Nanocatalyst Adorning Coral Reef Nanocomposite for the Synthesis of Nitriles: Utility of Cucurbita pepo Leaf Extract as a Stabilizing and Reducing Agent

Nasrollahzadeh, Mahmoud; Ghorbannezhad, Fatemeh; Sajadi, S. Mohammad; Varma, Rajender S.

doi:10.3390/nano9040565

Open AccessArticle

Pd Nanocatalyst Adorning Coral Reef Nanocomposite for the Synthesis of Nitriles: Utility of Cucurbita pepo Leaf Extract as a Stabilizing and Reducing Agent

by

Mahmoud Nasrollahzadeh

^1,*,

Fatemeh Ghorbannezhad

¹,

S. Mohammad Sajadi

²

and

Rajender S. Varma

^3,*

¹

Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Qom, Qom 37185-359, Iran

²

Department of Petroleum Geoscience, Faculty of Science, Soran University, P.O. Box 624 Soran, Kurdistan Regional Government, Iraq

³

Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacky University, Šlechtitelů 27, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic

^*

Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.

Nanomaterials 2019, 9(4), 565; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano9040565

Submission received: 25 February 2019 / Revised: 28 March 2019 / Accepted: 1 April 2019 / Published: 7 April 2019

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Nanoparticles - Their Synthesis and Catalytic Applications)

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Abstract

A simple procedure for the palladium-catalyzed cyanation of aryl halides is described via a nucleophilic non-toxic cyanide source, K₄[Fe(CN)₆] in the presence of Pd/coral reef nanocomposite as a heterogeneous catalyst; the protocol provides a useful and easy method for the synthesis of aryl nitriles that are generated from the corresponding variant aryl halides, with sodium carbonate as a base. The nanocatalyst was prepared by a biological process using aqueous extract of leaves of Cucurbita pepo as a stabilizing and reducing agent and coral reef as a natural support, without deploying any hazardous chemicals. The catalyst, that is easily separable from the reaction mixture and reused multiple times, was characterized by FT-IR (Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy), ICP-AES (Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectroscopy), XRD (X-ray Diffraction), TEM (Transmission Electron Microscopy), FE-SEM (Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy), EDS (Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy) and elemental mapping.

Keywords: cyanation; aryl halide; Pd/coral reef nanocomposite; Cucurbita pepo; Pd nanoparticles

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MDPI and ACS Style

Nasrollahzadeh, M.; Ghorbannezhad, F.; Sajadi, S.M.; Varma, R.S. Pd Nanocatalyst Adorning Coral Reef Nanocomposite for the Synthesis of Nitriles: Utility of Cucurbita pepo Leaf Extract as a Stabilizing and Reducing Agent. Nanomaterials 2019, 9, 565. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano9040565

AMA Style

Nasrollahzadeh M, Ghorbannezhad F, Sajadi SM, Varma RS. Pd Nanocatalyst Adorning Coral Reef Nanocomposite for the Synthesis of Nitriles: Utility of Cucurbita pepo Leaf Extract as a Stabilizing and Reducing Agent. Nanomaterials. 2019; 9(4):565. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano9040565

Chicago/Turabian Style

Nasrollahzadeh, Mahmoud, Fatemeh Ghorbannezhad, S. Mohammad Sajadi, and Rajender S. Varma. 2019. "Pd Nanocatalyst Adorning Coral Reef Nanocomposite for the Synthesis of Nitriles: Utility of Cucurbita pepo Leaf Extract as a Stabilizing and Reducing Agent" Nanomaterials 9, no. 4: 565. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano9040565

APA Style

Nasrollahzadeh, M., Ghorbannezhad, F., Sajadi, S. M., & Varma, R. S. (2019). Pd Nanocatalyst Adorning Coral Reef Nanocomposite for the Synthesis of Nitriles: Utility of Cucurbita pepo Leaf Extract as a Stabilizing and Reducing Agent. Nanomaterials, 9(4), 565. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano9040565

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Pd Nanocatalyst Adorning Coral Reef Nanocomposite for the Synthesis of Nitriles: Utility of Cucurbita pepo Leaf Extract as a Stabilizing and Reducing Agent

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