Evaluation of TiO2 Nanoparticle-Enhanced Palm and Soybean Biodiesel Blends for Emission Mitigation and Improved Combustion Efficiency
Abstract
:1. Introduction
The Objectives of This Study
- To evaluate the influence of TiO2 nanoparticles on the reduction in harmful emissions (CO, HC, and NOX) and the enhancement in combustion efficiency in soybean and palm biodiesel blends.
- To explore the potential of TiO2 nanoparticles in mitigating NOX emissions and lowering exhaust gas temperatures (EGTs), particularly at higher engine speeds.
2. Literature Review
Identification of Research Gaps
3. Methodology
3.1. Biofuel Production
3.2. Incorporation of TiO2 Nanoparticles
- A concentration of 50 ppm: This moderate concentration was selected to evaluate the balance between catalytic enhancement and potential changes in fuel properties, such as viscosity and stability. It provides insights into optimal nanoparticle loading that can deliver noticeable benefits without compromising the fuel’s quality.
- A concentration of 75 ppm: The highest concentration was chosen to explore the upper limits of TiO2 incorporation. This level helps in understanding the maximum potential benefits and any possible drawbacks, such as increased costs or technical challenges, associated with higher nanoparticle loading.
3.3. Experimental Setup
3.4. Engine Specifications
3.5. Error Analysis and Uncertainty
4. Results and Discussion
4.1. Emission Analysis
4.1.1. Carbon Monoxide (CO) Emissions
4.1.2. Hydrocarbon (HC) Emissions
4.1.3. Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Emissions
4.1.4. Nitrogen Oxide (NOX) Emissions
4.1.5. Exhaust Gas Temperature (EGT)
5. Conclusions
6. Future Scope
- -
- The Fate of TiO2 Nanoparticles: Future studies should investigate whether TiO2 nanoparticles remain in the soot, are filtered, or are emitted into the atmosphere post-combustion.
- -
- Fuel Consumption: Future research should evaluate the impact of TiO2 on fuel economy, which was not assessed in this study.
- -
- Smoke and Particulate Emissions: Measuring smoke opacity and particulate matter emissions will provide a more comprehensive understanding of TiO2’s environmental impact.
- -
- Stability, Costs, and Life Cycle Impact: Studies should assess the long-term stability, cost-effectiveness, and environmental life cycle of TiO2-enhanced biofuels.
- -
- Nanoparticle Dispersion: While ultrasonic mixing was used to disperse TiO2, future work should employ techniques like SEM or TEM to verify nanoparticle distribution and long-term stability in biofuels.
- -
- Sample Testing: Testing each fuel sample three times would improve statistical reliability. Future studies should aim to carry out triplicate testing to enhance data robustness.
- -
- The Uniformity of TiO2 Dispersion: Variations in viscosity and calorific value may result from slight inconsistencies in nanoparticle dispersion. Future work will focus on advanced testing to ensure better uniformity in the samples.
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
kg/m3 | Kilograms per cubic meter (density) |
cSt | Centistokes (viscosity) |
°C | Degrees Celsius (flash point) |
ppm | Parts per million (nanoparticle concentration) |
MJ/kg | Megajoules per kilogram (calorific value) |
% | Percentage |
NOX | Nitrogen oxide |
CO | Carbon monoxide |
HC | Hydrocarbon |
CO2 | Carbon dioxide |
EGT | Exhaust gas temperature |
CI Engine | Compression ignition engine |
TiO2 | Titanium dioxide |
SB20 | 20% soybean biodiesel and 80% diesel blend |
SB20 + 50 ppm TiO2 | SB20 blend with 50 ppm TiO2 nanoparticles |
SB20 + 75 ppm TiO2 | SB20 blend with 75 ppm TiO2 nanoparticles |
PB20 | 20% palm biodiesel and 80% diesel blend |
PB20 + 50 ppm TiO2 | PB20 blend with 50 ppm TiO2 nanoparticles |
PB20 + 75 ppm TiO2 | PB20 blend with 75 ppm TiO2 nanoparticles |
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Detail | Properties |
---|---|
Name (TiO2) | Nanoparticles of titanium dioxide |
Appearance | White |
Purity of TiO2 | 96% |
Particle size | 20–50 nm |
Surface area | >42 m2/g |
Melting point | >233 °C |
Fuel Type | Density (kg/m3) | Viscosity (cSt) | Flash Point (°C) | Cetane Number | Calorific Value (MJ/kg) | Ester Content (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Diesel | 0.820 | 2.87 | 58 | 48.7 | 45.515 | - |
SB20 | 0.834 | 2.92 | 79 | 52 | 43.536 | 96.2 |
SB20 + 50 ppm TiO2 | 0.841 | 3.19 | 86 | 53.5 | 43.607 | 96.5 |
SB20 + 75 ppm TiO2 | 0.846 | 3.27 | 89 | 53.8 | 43.695 | 96.8 |
PB20 | 0.862 | 3.10 | 82 | 51.5 | 43.201 | 97.1 |
PB20 + 50 ppm TiO2 | 0.868 | 3.36 | 88 | 52.9 | 43.272 | 97.4 |
PB20 + 75 ppm TiO2 | 0.872 | 3.45 | 91 | 53.2 | 43.335 | 97.7 |
Parameters | Specifications |
---|---|
Engine Type | Electronic, four-cylinder, four-stroke type |
Injection Sequence | 1-3-4-2 |
Stroke Length (mm) | 90 |
Bore (mm) | 84 |
Compression Ratio | 16:1 |
Displacement (cc) | 1995 |
Exhaust Emission | Range | Resolution | Accuracy and Uncertainties |
---|---|---|---|
CO | 0.00–10.00 | % | ±0.001% |
HC | 0–10,000 | ppm | ±1 ppm |
CO2 | 0.0–20.0 | % | ±0.01% |
O2 | 0.00–25.00 | % | ±0.01% |
NOX | 0–5000 | ppm | ±1 ppm |
Smoke | 0–100 | % | ±0.05% |
Thermocouple (K-Type) | 0–1200 | ℃ | ±0.1 °C |
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Khujamberdiev, R.; Cho, H.M. Evaluation of TiO2 Nanoparticle-Enhanced Palm and Soybean Biodiesel Blends for Emission Mitigation and Improved Combustion Efficiency. Nanomaterials 2024, 14, 1570. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano14191570
Khujamberdiev R, Cho HM. Evaluation of TiO2 Nanoparticle-Enhanced Palm and Soybean Biodiesel Blends for Emission Mitigation and Improved Combustion Efficiency. Nanomaterials. 2024; 14(19):1570. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano14191570
Chicago/Turabian StyleKhujamberdiev, Ramozon, and Haeng Muk Cho. 2024. "Evaluation of TiO2 Nanoparticle-Enhanced Palm and Soybean Biodiesel Blends for Emission Mitigation and Improved Combustion Efficiency" Nanomaterials 14, no. 19: 1570. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano14191570