Generalization of Skill for a Working Memory Recognition Procedure in Children: The Benefit of Starting with Easy Materials
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Working Memory and Task Familiarity
3. The Present Study
4. Material and Methods
4.1. Participants
4.2. Design
4.3. Stimuli and Procedure
4.4. Statistical Analysis
5. Results
5.1. Proportion of Correct Recognition
5.2. Reaction Times
6. Discussion
7. Limitations and Prospects for Research
8. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Group | N | Phase | Stimulus | Proportion Correct | Reaction Time | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean | SD | Mean | SD | ||||
1 | 35 | Stim1Part1 | Orientation | 0.78 | 0.42 | 3.47 | 1.75 |
Stim1Part2 | Orientation | 0.82 | 0.38 | 3.37 | 1.73 | ||
Stim2Part1 | Shape | 0.72 | 0.45 | 3.57 | 1.80 | ||
Stim2Part2 | Shape | 0.73 | 0.45 | 3.55 | 1.86 | ||
Stim1Return | Orientation | 0.79 | 0.41 | 3.56 | 2.13 | ||
Average | 0.77 | 0.42 | 3.50 | 1.86 | |||
2 | 35 | Stim1Part1 | Shape | 0.64 | 0.48 | 3.57 | 2.00 |
Stim1Part2 | Shape | 0.70 | 0.46 | 3.45 | 1.76 | ||
Stim2Part1 | Orientation | 0.75 | 0.43 | 3.83 | 1.88 | ||
Stim2Part2 | Orientation | 0.78 | 0.42 | 3.79 | 1.92 | ||
Stim1Return | Shape | 0.72 | 0.45 | 3.62 | 1.93 | ||
Average | 0.72 | 0.45 | 3.65 | 1.90 | |||
Grand average | 0.74 | 0.44 | 3.58 | 1.88 |
Model | Factors | Predictor | df | F | Cohen’s f | p | BFincl of Model | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Phase | Phase | 4 | 276 | 1.97 | 0.046 | 0.10 | 0.01 |
2 | Group | Group | 1 | 6920 | 20.65 | 0.055 | <0.001 | 796.57 |
3 | Phase + Group | Phase | 4 | 276 | 1.97 | 0.046 | 0.10 | 8.67 |
Group | 1 | 64 | 3.55 | 0.071 | 0.06 | |||
4 | Interaction | Interaction | 8 | 272 | 6.38 | 0.110 | <0.001 | 268,376,003 |
5 | Phase + interaction | Phase | 4 | 272 | 2.24 | 0.046 | 0.07 | 3,036,658 |
Interaction | 4 | 272 | 10.51 | 0.100 | <0.001 | |||
6 | Group + interaction | Group | 1 | 60 | 2.39 | 0.059 | 0.13 | 238,534,312,357 |
Interaction | 8 | 272 | 6.38 | 0.110 | <0.001 | |||
7 | Phase + Group + interaction | Phase | 4 | 272 | 2.24 | 0.046 | 0.07 | 2,686,584,969 |
Group | 1 | 60 | 3.49 | 0.071 | 0.07 | |||
Interaction | 4 | 272 | 10.51 | 0.100 | <0.001 |
Factor | Method | Formula | BFincl |
---|---|---|---|
Phase | 1 | Phase/null model | 0.01 |
2 | (Phase + Group)/Group | 0.01 | |
3 | All effects/(Group + interaction) | 0.01 | |
Group | 1 | Group/null model | 796.57 |
2 | (Group + interaction)/interaction | 888.81 | |
3 | All effects/(Phase + interaction) | 884.72 | |
Interaction | 1 | Interaction/null model | 268,376,003 |
2 | (Group + interaction)/Group | 299,453,294 | |
3 | All effects/(Group + Phase) | 310,050,198 |
G1P2 | G1P3 | G1P5 | G1P6 | G1P7 | G2P2 | G2P3 | G2P5 | G2P6 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
G1P2 | - | ||||||||
G1P3 | 0.59 | - | |||||||
G1P5 | 1.33 | 8263.23 | - | ||||||
G1P6 | 0.34 | 1201.70 | 0.05 | - | |||||
G1P7 | 0.05 | 0.21 | 6.18 | 1.79 | - | ||||
G2P2 | - | - | 3.44 | - | - | - | |||
G2P3 | - | - | - | 0.14 | - | 0.44 | - | ||
G2P5 | 0.09 | - | - | - | - | 2103.25 | 0.84 | - | |
G2P6 | - | 0.50 | - | - | - | 771,403.70 | 31.13 | 0.08 | - |
G2P7 | - | - | - | - | - | 12.39 | 0.09 | 0.09 | 0.88 |
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Bao, C.; Cowan, N. Generalization of Skill for a Working Memory Recognition Procedure in Children: The Benefit of Starting with Easy Materials. J. Intell. 2023, 11, 56. https://doi.org/10.3390/jintelligence11030056
Bao C, Cowan N. Generalization of Skill for a Working Memory Recognition Procedure in Children: The Benefit of Starting with Easy Materials. Journal of Intelligence. 2023; 11(3):56. https://doi.org/10.3390/jintelligence11030056
Chicago/Turabian StyleBao, Chenye, and Nelson Cowan. 2023. "Generalization of Skill for a Working Memory Recognition Procedure in Children: The Benefit of Starting with Easy Materials" Journal of Intelligence 11, no. 3: 56. https://doi.org/10.3390/jintelligence11030056
APA StyleBao, C., & Cowan, N. (2023). Generalization of Skill for a Working Memory Recognition Procedure in Children: The Benefit of Starting with Easy Materials. Journal of Intelligence, 11(3), 56. https://doi.org/10.3390/jintelligence11030056