The Behavioral, Emotional, and Social Skills Inventory (BESSI): Psychometric Properties of a German-Language Adaptation, Temporal Stabilities of the Skills, and Associations with Personality and Intelligence
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. The Behavioral, Emotional, and Social Skills Inventory (BESSI)
3. Overview over the Present Research
4. Study 1: Pilot Study
4.1. Method
4.1.1. Data
4.1.2. Materials
4.1.3. Analyses
4.2. Results
4.2.1. Unidimensionality of the 32 BESSI-G Facets
4.2.2. Reliabilities of the 32 BESSI-G Facets
4.2.3. Factorial Validity of the 32 BESSI-G Facets
4.3. Discussion
5. Study 2: Testing the Refined BESSI-G Facets and Their Domain-Level Structure
5.1. Method
5.1.1. Data
5.1.2. Materials
5.1.3. Analyses
5.2. Results
5.2.1. Unidimensionality of the BESSI-G (v0.2) Facets
5.2.2. Reliability and Temporal Stability of the BESSI-G (v0.2) Facets
5.2.3. Factorial Validity of the BESSI-G (v0.2) Facets
5.2.4. Facet-Level and Domain-Level Structure
5.3. Discussion
6. Study 3: Convergent and Discriminant Validity
6.1. Method
6.1.1. Sample
6.1.2. Measures
6.1.3. Analyses
6.2. Results
6.2.1. Associations with Personality Traits
6.2.2. Associations with Intelligence
6.3. Discussion
7. General Discussion
7.1. Strengths, Limitations and Directions for Future Research
7.2. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
BESSI Facet | No. of Factors | Eigenvalues | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PA | MAP | EKC | 1st | 2nd | Ratio | |
Social Engagement Skills | ||||||
Leadership Skill | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3.72 | 0.74 | 5.02 |
Conversational Skill | 1 | 1 | 1 | 4.03 | 0.72 | 5.63 |
Expressive Skill | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3.92 | 0.68 | 5.77 |
Persuasive Skill | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3.58 | 0.71 | 5.03 |
Energy Regulation | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3.59 | 0.79 | 4.56 |
Cooperation Skills | ||||||
Perspective-Taking Skill | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3.54 | 0.76 | 4.65 |
Capacity for Social Warmth | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3.24 | 0.76 | 4.29 |
Capacity for Trust | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3.13 | 0.81 | 3.85 |
Teamwork Skill | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3.87 | 0.85 | 4.56 |
Ethical Competence | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3.09 | 0.90 | 3.42 |
Self-Management Skills | ||||||
Task Management | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3.71 | 0.64 | 5.76 |
Responsibility Management | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3.86 | 0.67 | 5.79 |
Organizational Skill | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3.96 | 0.84 | 4.72 |
Time Management | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3.63 | 0.82 | 4.41 |
Detail Management | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3.44 | 0.82 | 4.19 |
Goal Regulation | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3.73 | 0.72 | 5.20 |
Rule-Following Skill | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3.58 | 0.86 | 4.16 |
Decision-Making Skill | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3.52 | 0.73 | 4.82 |
Capacity for Consistency | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3.54 | 0.94 | 3.77 |
Emotional Resilience Skills | ||||||
Stress Regulation | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3.74 | 0.73 | 5.16 |
Capacity for Optimism | 1 | 1 | 1 | 4.04 | 0.56 | 7.20 |
Anger Management | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3.95 | 0.67 | 5.92 |
Confidence Regulation | 1 | 1 | 1 | 4.06 | 0.73 | 5.59 |
Impulse Regulation | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3.34 | 0.79 | 4.21 |
Innovation Skills | ||||||
Abstract Thinking Skill | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2.87 | 0.99 | 2.89 |
Creative Skill | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3.62 | 0.64 | 5.62 |
Artistic Skill | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3.42 | 0.98 | 3.48 |
Cultural Competence | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3.86 | 0.89 | 4.35 |
Information Processing Skill | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3.57 | 0.75 | 4.76 |
Compound Skills | ||||||
Capacity for Independence | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3.64 | 0.76 | 4.80 |
Self-Reflection Skill | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3.15 | 1.25 | 2.53 |
Adaptability | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3.33 | 0.96 | 3.47 |
Facet | AVE | Split-Half | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Social Engagement Skills | |||||
Leadership Skill | .87 | .90 | .57 | .85–.90 | .87 |
Conversational Skill | .90 | .89 | .60 | .86–.93 | .81 |
Expressive Skill | .89 | .88 | .59 | .85–.94 | .72 |
Persuasive Skill | .86 | .89 | .54 | .83–.89 | .78 |
Energy Regulation | .86 | .85 | .52 | .83–.92 | .76 |
Cooperation Skills | |||||
Perspective-Taking Skill | .86 | .84 | .52 | .80–.91 | .78 |
Capacity for Social Warmth | .83 | .82 | .45 | .79–.87 | .74 |
Capacity for Trust | .81 | .79 | .42 | .74–.87 | .77 |
Teamwork Skill | .89 | .87 | .59 | .80–.94 | .71 |
Ethical Competence | .81 | .76 | .40 | .73–.86 | .67 |
Self-Management Skills | |||||
Task Management | .88 | .85 | .53 | .84–.91 | .78 |
Responsibility Management | .89 | .87 | .56 | .83–.93 | .68 |
Organizational Skill | .89 | .89 | .62 | .86–.93 | .82 |
Time Management | .87 | .91 | .55 | .81–.91 | .78 |
Detail Management | .85 | .82 | .48 | .79–.89 | .68 |
Goal Regulation | .88 | .88 | .55 | .84–.91 | .75 |
Rule-Following Skill | .86 | .84 | .50 | .79–.92 | .73 |
Decision-Making Skill | .86 | .85 | .50 | .82–.90 | .69 |
Capacity for Consistency | .86 | .83 | .50 | .80–.92 | .68 |
Emotional Resilience Skills | |||||
Stress Regulation | .88 | .86 | .55 | .84–.93 | .77 |
Capacity for Optimism | .90 | .88 | .60 | .88–.94 | .78 |
Anger Management | .90 | .88 | .59 | .84–.94 | .73 |
Confidence Regulation | .90 | .88 | .60 | .86–.94 | .77 |
Impulse Regulation | .84 | .82 | .46 | .79–.90 | .66 |
Innovation Skills | |||||
Abstract Thinking Skill | .78 | .75 | .37 | .67–.85 | .81 |
Creative Skill | .87 | .89 | .54 | .84–.90 | .76 |
Artistic Skill | .85 | .82 | .49 | .71–.90 | .79 |
Cultural Competence | .89 | .86 | .56 | .83–.94 | .77 |
Information Processing Skill | .86 | .84 | .50 | .81–.91 | .75 |
Compound Skills | |||||
Capacity for Independence | .87 | .84 | .52 | .80–.93 | .68 |
Self-Reflection Skill | .82 | .78 | .43 | .62–.90 | .67 |
Adaptability | .84 | .81 | .47 | .73–.90 | .71 |
Facet | df | p | CFI | RMSEA | SRMR | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Social Engagement Skills | |||||||
Leadership Skill | 39.06 | s | p < .001 | 4.34 | .980 | .054 | .036 |
Conversational Skill | 62.82 | 9 | p < .001 | 6.98 | .964 | .073 | .048 |
Expressive Skill | 77.06 | 9 | p < .001 | 8.56 | .957 | .082 | .039 |
Persuasive Skill | 57.17 | 9 | p < .001 | 6.35 | .961 | .069 | .039 |
Energy Regulation | 206.82 | 9 | p < .001 | 22.98 | .876 | .139 | .060 |
Cooperation Skills | |||||||
Perspective-Taking Skill | 109.47 | 9 | p < .001 | 12.16 | .923 | .099 | .052 |
Capacity for Social Warmth | 54.67 | 9 | p < .001 | 6.07 | .955 | .067 | .038 |
Capacity for Trust | 67.19 | 9 | p < .001 | 7.47 | .935 | .076 | .053 |
Teamwork Skill | 242.94 | 9 | p < .001 | 26.99 | .859 | .151 | .084 |
Ethical Competence | 104.84 | 9 | p < .001 | 11.65 | .903 | .097 | .076 |
Self-Management Skills | |||||||
Task Management | 80.83 | 9 | p < .001 | 8.98 | .949 | .084 | .055 |
Responsibility Management | 125.46 | 9 | p < .001 | 13.94 | .917 | .107 | .064 |
Organizational Skill | 126.03 | 9 | p < .001 | 14.00 | .932 | .107 | .049 |
Time Management | 138.13 | 9 | p < .001 | 15.35 | .900 | .112 | .063 |
Detail Management | 134.97 | 9 | p < .001 | 15.00 | .907 | .111 | .062 |
Goal Regulation | 38.40 | 9 | p < .001 | 4.27 | .974 | .054 | .041 |
Rule-Following Skill | 135.51 | 9 | p < .001 | 15.06 | .901 | .111 | .065 |
Decision-Making Skill | 97.94 | 9 | p < .001 | 10.88 | .926 | .093 | .049 |
Capacity for Consistency | 207.84 | 9 | p < .001 | 23.09 | .851 | .140 | .082 |
Emotional Resilience Skills | |||||||
Stress Regulation | 152.79 | 9 | p < .001 | 16.98 | .906 | .119 | .057 |
Capacity for Optimism | 118.70 | 9 | p < .001 | 13.19 | .933 | .104 | .050 |
Anger Management | 128.93 | 9 | p < .001 | 14.33 | .925 | .108 | .052 |
Confidence Regulation | 147.35 | 9 | p < .001 | 16.37 | .916 | .116 | .053 |
Impulse Regulation | 95.13 | 9 | p < .001 | 10.57 | .922 | .092 | .052 |
Innovation Skills | |||||||
Abstract Thinking Skill | 96.63 | 9 | p < .001 | 10.74 | .887 | .093 | .073 |
Creative Skill | 43.82 | 9 | p < .001 | 4.87 | .971 | .058 | .032 |
Artistic Skill | 128.47 | 9 | p < .001 | 14.27 | .911 | .108 | .076 |
Cultural Competence | 292.51 | 9 | p < .001 | 32.50 | .849 | .167 | .074 |
Information Processing Skill | 92.46 | 9 | p < .001 | 10.27 | .928 | .090 | .056 |
Compound Skills | |||||||
Capacity for Independence | 166.96 | 9 | p < .001 | 18.55 | .884 | .124 | .063 |
Self-Reflection Skill | 200.77 | 9 | p < .001 | 22.31 | .815 | .137 | .117 |
Adaptability | 195.10 | 9 | p < .001 | 21.68 | .849 | .135 | .075 |
Facet | df | p | CFI | RMSEA | SRMR | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Social Engagement Skills | |||||||
Leadership Skill | 12.73 | 8 | p < .010 | 1.59 | .998 | .027 | .009 |
Conversational Skill | 42.51 | 8 | p < .001 | 5.31 | .984 | .074 | .018 |
Expressive Skill | 60.63 | 8 | p < .001 | 7.58 | .980 | .091 | .021 |
Persuasive Skill | 90.65 | 8 | p < .001 | 11.33 | .957 | .115 | .038 |
Energy Regulation | 41.86 | 8 | p < .001 | 5.23 | .986 | .073 | .016 |
Cooperation Skills | |||||||
Perspective-Taking Skill | 28.18 | 8 | p < .001 | 3.52 | .989 | .057 | .016 |
Capacity for Social Warmth | 40.46 | 8 | p < .001 | 5.06 | .980 | .072 | .023 |
Capacity for Trust | 39.47 | 8 | p < .001 | 4.93 | .978 | .071 | .028 |
Teamwork Skill | 33.34 | 8 | p < .001 | 4.17 | .988 | .063 | .016 |
Ethical Competence | 32.43 | 8 | p < .001 | 4.05 | .979 | .062 | .027 |
Self-Management Skills | |||||||
Task Management | 27.14 | 8 | p < .001 | 3.39 | .989 | .055 | .017 |
Responsibility Management | 22.04 | 8 | p < .001 | 2.75 | .991 | .047 | .016 |
Organizational Skill | 29.39 | 8 | p < .001 | 3.67 | .992 | .058 | .012 |
Time Management | 179.33 | 8 | p < .001 | 22.42 | .908 | .165 | .060 |
Detail Management | 37.77 | 8 | p < .001 | 4.72 | .980 | .069 | .021 |
Goal Regulation | 64.58 | 8 | p < .001 | 8.07 | .970 | .095 | .036 |
Rule-Following Skill | 53.76 | 8 | p < .001 | 6.72 | .976 | .085 | .023 |
Decision-Making Skill | 41.34 | 8 | p < .001 | 5.17 | .983 | .073 | .022 |
Capacity for Consistency | 26.66 | 8 | p < .001 | 3.33 | .988 | .054 | .023 |
Emotional Resilience Skills | |||||||
Stress Regulation | 54.53 | 8 | p < .001 | 6.82 | .980 | .086 | .021 |
Capacity for Optimism | 29.87 | 8 | p < .001 | 3.73 | .992 | .059 | .013 |
Anger Management | 56.68 | 8 | p < .001 | 7.08 | .975 | .088 | .020 |
Confidence Regulation | 46.22 | 8 | p < .001 | 5.78 | .984 | .078 | .019 |
Impulse Regulation | 43.45 | 8 | p < .001 | 5.43 | .977 | .075 | .026 |
Innovation Skills | |||||||
Abstract Thinking Skill | 68.67 | 8 | p < .001 | 8.58 | .970 | .098 | .031 |
Creative Skill | 38.11 | 8 | p < .001 | 4.76 | .988 | .069 | .017 |
Artistic Skill | 41.32 | 8 | p < .001 | 5.16 | .980 | .073 | .025 |
Cultural Competence | 29.35 | 8 | p < .001 | 3.67 | .989 | .058 | .019 |
Information Processing Skill | 49.54 | 8 | p < .001 | 6.19 | .978 | .081 | .022 |
Compound Skills | |||||||
Capacity for Independence | 38.59 | 8 | p < .001 | 4.82 | .982 | .070 | .020 |
Self-Reflection Skill | 74.46 | 8 | p < .001 | 9.31 | .969 | .103 | .031 |
Adaptability | 50.90 | 8 | p < .001 | 6.36 | .979 | .083 | .022 |
Facet | N | M | SD | Mdn | Skewness | Kurtosis |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Social Engagement Skills | ||||||
Leadership Skill | 786 | 3.07 | 0.91 | 3.00 | −0.09 | −0.54 |
Conversational Skill | 786 | 3.30 | 0.85 | 3.17 | −0.05 | −0.22 |
Expressive Skill | 786 | 3.22 | 0.92 | 3.00 | −0.10 | −0.38 |
Persuasive Skill | 786 | 3.15 | 0.84 | 3.17 | −0.20 | −0.30 |
Energy Regulation | 786 | 3.32 | 0.78 | 3.33 | 0.09 | −0.16 |
Cooperation Skills | ||||||
Perspective-Taking Skill | 786 | 3.57 | 0.76 | 3.67 | −0.17 | 0.01 |
Capacity for Social Warmth | 786 | 3.57 | 0.71 | 3.50 | 0.05 | 0.00 |
Capacity for Trust | 786 | 3.08 | 0.78 | 3.00 | 0.09 | −0.21 |
Teamwork Skill | 786 | 3.59 | 0.80 | 3.67 | −0.38 | 0.12 |
Ethical Competence | 786 | 3.68 | 0.69 | 3.67 | −0.09 | 0.09 |
Self-Management Skills | ||||||
Task Management | 791 | 3.71 | 0.69 | 3.67 | −0.27 | 0.26 |
Responsibility Management | 791 | 4.09 | 0.66 | 4.00 | −0.55 | 0.26 |
Organizational Skill | 791 | 3.77 | 0.89 | 3.83 | −0.39 | −0.38 |
Time Management | 791 | 3.98 | 0.72 | 4.00 | −0.59 | 0.13 |
Detail Management | 791 | 3.74 | 0.69 | 3.83 | −0.23 | 0.22 |
Goal Regulation | 791 | 3.74 | 0.76 | 3.83 | −0.24 | −0.28 |
Rule-Following Skill | 791 | 3.75 | 0.69 | 3.83 | −0.18 | −0.12 |
Decision-Making Skill | 791 | 3.84 | 0.74 | 4.00 | −0.26 | −0.33 |
Capacity for Consistency | 791 | 3.70 | 0.73 | 3.67 | −0.13 | −0.16 |
Emotional Resilience Skills | ||||||
Stress Regulation | 785 | 3.15 | 0.89 | 3.17 | −0.09 | −0.30 |
Capacity for Optimism | 785 | 3.12 | 0.87 | 3.00 | 0.00 | −0.49 |
Anger Management | 785 | 3.11 | 0.87 | 3.00 | 0.06 | −0.18 |
Confidence Regulation | 785 | 3.31 | 0.84 | 3.33 | −0.16 | −0.03 |
Impulse Regulation | 785 | 3.13 | 0.79 | 3.00 | 0.05 | −0.05 |
Innovation Skills | ||||||
Abstract Thinking Skill | 786 | 3.22 | 0.84 | 3.17 | −0.10 | 0.00 |
Creative Skill | 786 | 3.24 | 0.89 | 3.33 | −0.14 | −0.23 |
Artistic Skill | 785 | 2.49 | 0.93 | 2.33 | 0.32 | −0.60 |
Cultural Competence | 785 | 3.15 | 0.89 | 3.17 | −0.22 | −0.11 |
Information Processing Skill | 785 | 3.38 | 0.76 | 3.33 | −0.10 | 0.07 |
Compound Skills | ||||||
Capacity for Independence | 791 | 4.04 | 0.70 | 4.00 | −0.44 | −0.16 |
Self-Reflection Skill | 785 | 3.47 | 0.81 | 3.50 | −0.12 | −0.06 |
Adaptability | 786 | 3.29 | 0.80 | 3.17 | −0.02 | −0.05 |
Appendix B
- Instructions
Hier findest Du eine Liste von Tätigkeiten oder Dingen, die man tun kann. Bitte wähle jeweils eine Antwort aus, die am besten beschreibt, wie gut Du persönlich diese Tätigkeit beherrschst. Zum Beispiel: “Wie gut kannst Du Arbeitsanweisungen folgen?”. Bitte beachte, dass es nicht darum geht, wie oft oder wie gern Du etwas tust, sondern wie gut Du es kannst.
- Response Format
- 1 = überhaupt nicht gut
- 2 = nicht so gut
- 3 = recht gut
- 4 = sehr gut
- 5 = extrem gut
- Items
BESSI Domain and Facet | Item Wording—English Source | Item Wording—German Adaptation | Item # |
---|---|---|---|
Social Engagement Skills | |||
Leadership Skill | Lead a group of people. | Eine Gruppe führen. | 1 |
Make decisions for a group of people. | Entscheidungen für eine Gruppe treffen. | 33 | |
Assert myself as a leader. | Die Führung übernehmen. | 65 | |
Take charge of a situation. | Verantwortung übernehmen. | 97 | |
Give a speech. | Eine Rede halten. | 129 | |
Convince people to follow my lead. | Andere davon überzeugen, mir zu folgen. | 161 | |
Conversational Skill | Introduce myself to strangers. | Mich fremden Leuten vorstellen. | 25 |
Meet new people. | Neue Leute kennenlernen. | 57 | |
Make conversation with a stranger. | Mich mit einem Fremden unterhalten. | 89 | |
Talk to people. | Mich mit Leuten unterhalten. | 121 | |
Start a conversation. | Ein Gespräch beginnen. | 153 | |
Talk to classmates or coworkers. | Mit Mitschülerinnen oder Kollegeninnen reden. | 185 | |
Expressive Skill | Explain what I am thinking and feeling. | Erklären, was ich denke und fühle. | 17 |
Express myself. | Mich selbst ausdrücken, mich erklären. | 49 | |
Express my thoughts and feelings. | Meine Gedanken und Gefühle ausdrücken. | 81 | |
Tell people how I am feeling. | Anderen mitteilen, wie ich mich fühle. | 113 | |
Tell people about my emotions. | Anderen gegenüber meine Gefühle zeigen. | 145 | |
Explain what’s on my mind. | Erklären, was mir durch den Kopf geht. | 177 | |
Persuasive Skill | Win debates with other people. | In Diskussionen die Oberhand behalten. | 13 |
Confront people when I disagree with them. | Anderen widersprechen, wenn ich nicht deren Meinung bin. | 45 | |
Change people’s minds. | Andere überzeugen, ihre Meinung zu ändern. | 77 | |
Speak up when I disagree with others. | Das Wort ergreifen, wenn ich anderer Meinung bin. | 109 | |
Win arguments. | Streitgespräche gewinnen. | 141 | |
Be blunt and direct with people. | Anderen offen und direkt meine Meinung sagen. | 173 | |
Energy Regulation | Use my energy in productive ways. | Meine Energie sinnvoll nutzen. | 7 |
Find the energy to get things done. | Mich aufraffen, Dinge anzupacken. | 39 | |
Keep going, even when I’m tired. | Weitermachen, auch wenn ich erschöpft bin. | 71 | |
Maintain a high energy level. | Meine Energie aufrecht erhalten. | 103 | |
Stay active. | Aktiv und voller Tatendrang bleiben. | 135 | |
Keep myself motivated. | Meine Motivation aufrecht erhalten. | 167 | |
Cooperation Skills | |||
Perspective-Taking Skill | Sympathize with other people’s feelings. | Mich in andere Menschen hineinversetzen. | 2 |
Feel compassion for other people. | Mitgefühl für andere empfinden. | 34 | |
Take another person’s perspective. | Die Sichtweise von anderen nachzuvollziehen. | 66 | |
Respect people’s feelings. | Die Gefühle anderer Menschen respektieren. | 98 | |
Sense other people’s needs. | Ein Gespür für die Bedürfnisse anderer haben. | 130 | |
Understand how other people feel. | Verstehen, wie andere Menschen sich fühlen. | 162 | |
Capacity for Social Warmth | Make people smile. | Menschen zum Lächeln bringen. | 14 |
Make people feel comfortable. | Dafür sorgen, dass andere Menschen sich wohlfühlen. | 46 | |
Get along with people. | Gut mit anderen Menschen auskommen. | 78 | |
Make a positive impression on people. | Einen guten Eindruck hinterlassen. | 110 | |
Show people that I like them. | Menschen zeigen, dass ich sie mag. | 142 | |
Put people at ease. | Andere Menschen beruhigen. | 174 | |
Capacity for Trust | Let go of a grudge. | Nicht nachtragend sein. | 8 |
Let people borrow my things. | Anderen meine Sachen ausleihen. | 40 | |
See the good in people. | Das Gute im Menschen sehen. | 72 | |
Assume the best about people. | Nur das Beste von anderen denken. | 104 | |
Forgive people quickly. | Anderen Menschen leicht verzeihen. | 136 | |
Trust people. | Anderen Menschen vertrauen. | 168 | |
Teamwork Skill | Work as part of a group. | Im Team mit anderen zusammenarbeiten. | 23 |
Contribute to group projects. | Etwas zu Gruppenprojekten beitragen. | 55 | |
Work with people toward a shared goal. | Mit anderen Menschen auf ein gemeinsames Ziel hinarbeiten. | 87 | |
Collaborate with classmates or coworkers. | Mit Mitschülerinnen oder Kollegeninnen zusammenarbeiten. | 119 | |
Cooperate to get things done. | Zusammenarbeiten, damit etwas fertiggestellt wird. | 151 | |
Cooperate with other people. | Mit anderen zusammenarbeiten. | 183 | |
Ethical Competence | Do what’s morally right, even when it’s difficult. | Das moralisch Richtige tun, auch wenn es schwer fällt. | 29 |
Take responsibility when I’ve made a mistake. | Verantwortung übernehmen, wenn ich einen Fehler gemacht habe. | 61 | |
Tell the truth, even when I don’t want to. | Die Wahrheit sagen, auch wenn es mir schwerfällt. | 93 | |
Stop myself from lying or cheating. | Mich selbst vom Lügen oder Schummeln abhalten. | 125 | |
Follow my ethical principles. | Meinen eigenen Werten treu bleiben. | 157 | |
Be honest with people. | Ehrlich zu anderen sein. | 189 | |
Self-Management Skills | |||
Task Management | Keep working until a task is finished. | An Aufgaben dranbleiben, bis sie abgeschlossen sind. | 12 |
Get started on tasks. | Aufgaben angehen. | 44 | |
Focus on my work. | Mich ganz auf meine Arbeit konzentrieren. | 76 | |
Keep myself from getting distracted. | Mich nicht ablenken lassen. | 108 | |
Work efficiently, without wasting time. | Effizient arbeiten, ohne zu trödeln. | 140 | |
Concentrate on a task. | Mich auf eine Aufgabe konzentrieren. | 172 | |
Responsibility Management | Have other people rely on me. | Mich so verhalten, dass Andere sich auf mich verlassen können. | 21 |
Follow through on commitments. | Mich an Vereinbarungen halten. | 53 | |
Manage my responsibilities. | Meine Verantwortung wahrnehmen. | 85 | |
Fulfill my duties and obligations. | Meine Pflichten erfüllen. | 117 | |
Keep track of my promises and commitments. | Meine Zusagen und Verpflichtungen im Blick behalten. | 149 | |
Follow through on promises. | Meine Versprechen halten. | 181 | |
Organizational Skill | Tidy up after myself. | Meine Sachen aufräumen. | 6 |
Organize my personal spaces. | Meinen Arbeitsplatz in Ordnung halten. | 38 | |
Keep things neat and tidy. | Dinge sauber und ordentlich halten. | 70 | |
Keep things in order. | Ordnung halten. | 102 | |
Put things back in their proper place. | Dinge zurück an ihren Platz räumen. | 134 | |
Clean up after making a mess. | Saubermachen, wenn ich Unordnung verursacht habe. | 166 | |
Time Management | Show up for things on time. | Pünktlich sein. | 3 |
Get to appointments on time. | Termine einhalten. | 35 | |
Follow a schedule. | Einen Zeitplan einhalten. | 67 | |
Manage my time. | Meine Zeit einteilen. | 99 | |
Organize my schedule. | Meinen Terminkalender organisieren. | 131 | |
Plan out my time. | Mir einen Zeitplan erstellen. | 163 | |
Detail Management | Check work for mistakes. | Meine Arbeit auf Fehler überprüfen. | 15 |
Pay attention to details. | Sorgfältig und detailgenau arbeiten. | 47 | |
Take care of details. | Alle Feinheiten genau beachten. | 79 | |
Find and correct mistakes. | Fehler finden und korrigieren. | 111 | |
Double-check my work. | Meine Arbeit nochmals überprüfen. | 143 | |
Pay careful attention to my work. | Genau und sorgfältig auf meine Arbeit achten. | 175 | |
Goal Regulation | Set clear goals. | Klare Ziele setzen. | 24 |
Make plans to achieve a goal. | Planen, wie ich mein Ziel erreichen kann. | 56 | |
Focus on my most important goals. | Mich auf meine wichtigsten Ziele konzentrieren. | 88 | |
Work hard to succeed. | Hart arbeiten, um Erfolg zu haben. | 120 | |
Work toward my goals. | Auf meine Ziele hinarbeiten. | 152 | |
Set high standards for myself. | Hohe Ansprüche an mich selbst haben. | 184 | |
Rule-Following Skill | Do as I’m told. | Tun, was man mir sagt. | 18 |
Obey the law. | Gesetze befolgen. | 50 | |
Follow instructions. | Anweisungen befolgen. | 82 | |
Do what I’m supposed to do. | Tun, was von mir erwartet wird. | 114 | |
Respect authority. | Autorität respektieren. | 146 | |
Follow the rules. | Mich an Regeln halten. | 178 | |
Decision-Making Skill | Make careful decisions. | Wohlüberlegte Entscheidungen treffen. | 27 |
Stop and think things through. | Mir die Zeit nehmen, Dinge zu durchdenken. | 59 | |
Weigh pros and cons before making a decision. | Vor einer Entscheidung die Vor- und Nachteile abwägen. | 91 | |
Think before acting. | Erst denken, dann handeln. | 123 | |
Think things through carefully. | Dinge sorgfältig abwägen. | 155 | |
Consider the consequences of my decisions. | Die Folgen meiner Entscheidungen bedenken. | 187 | |
Capacity for Consistency | Repeat a task consistently. | Eine Aufgabe immer auf dieselbe Weise erledigen. | 9 |
Keep doing a task, even if it’s boring. | An einer Aufgabe dranbleiben, auch wenn sie langweilig ist. | 41 | |
Follow a consistent routine. | Gleichbleibende Abläufe einhalten. | 73 | |
Repeat a standard procedure many times. | Denselben Arbeitsablauf viele Male wiederholen. | 105 | |
Do the same task over and over again. | Dieselbe Aufgabe immer und immer wieder tun. | 137 | |
Do tasks that are routine or repetitive. | Routinemäßige oder wiederkehrende Aufgaben erledigen. | 169 | |
Emotional Resilience Skills | |||
Stress Regulation | Stay calm in stressful situations. | In stressigen Situationen ruhig bleiben. | 5 |
Stop myself from worrying. | Mich wieder beruhigen, wenn ich Sorgen habe. | 37 | |
Cope with stress. | Mit Stress umgehen können. | 69 | |
Relax when I’m feeling tense. | Mich entspannen, wenn ich gestresst bin. | 101 | |
Calm down when I’m feeling anxious. | Mich beruhigen, wenn ich Angst habe. | 133 | |
Settle down when I’m feeling nervous. | Mich beruhigen, wenn ich nervös bin. | 165 | |
Capacity for Optimism | Stop myself from feeling pessimistic. | Keine pessimistischen Gedanken zulassen. | 11 |
Look on the bright side of things. | Immer das Positive sehen. | 43 | |
Stay in a good mood. | Gut gelaunt bleiben. | 75 | |
Stay positive when something bad happens. | Den Mut nicht verlieren, wenn etwas Schlimmes passiert. | 107 | |
Keep a positive attitude. | Eine positive Einstellung behalten. | 139 | |
Stay optimistic when things go wrong. | Optimistisch bleiben, wenn etwas schiefläuft. | 171 | |
Anger Management | Calm down when I’m feeling angry. | Mich beruhigen, wenn ich wütend bin. | 20 |
Control my temper. | Meine Gefühle im Griff haben. | 52 | |
Control my anger. | Meine Wut in den Griff bekommen. | 84 | |
Stop myself from getting angry. | Mich selbst davon abhalten, wütend zu werden. | 116 | |
Stop myself from getting mad. | Mich selbst davon abhalten, sauer zu werden. | 148 | |
Settle down when I’m feeling annoyed. | Mich beruhigen, wenn ich verärgert bin. | 180 | |
Confidence Regulation | Find things to like about myself. | Dinge finden, die ich an mir selbst mag. | 26 |
Have confidence in myself. | Selbstvertrauen haben. | 58 | |
Find reasons to feel good about myself. | Gründe finden, um mich selbst gut zu finden. | 90 | |
Respect myself. | Mich selbst respektieren. | 122 | |
See my strengths. | Meine eigenen Stärken kennen. | 154 | |
See my good qualities. | Meine positiven Eigenschaften erkennen. | 186 | |
Impulse Regulation | Control my cravings. | Meine Verlangen oder Gelüste zügeln. | 30 |
Resist temptations. | Versuchungen widerstehen. | 62 | |
Break my bad habits. | Schlechte Gewohnheiten ablegen. | 94 | |
Control my impulses. | Mich selbst beherrschen. | 126 | |
Stop myself from acting on impulse. | Mich beherrschen, nicht impulsiv zu handeln. | 158 | |
Avoid temptation. | Versuchungen aus dem Weg gehen. | 190 | |
Innovation Skills | |||
Abstract Thinking Skill | Understand abstract ideas. | Abstrakte Ideen verstehen. | 4 |
Have intellectual or philosophical discussions. | Intellektuelle oder philosophische Diskussionen führen. | 36 | |
Discuss complicated topics and ideas. | Komplizierte Themen und Ideen diskutieren. | 68 | |
Think about the nature of the world. | Darüber nachdenken, wie die Welt funktioniert. | 100 | |
Think deeply about things. | Tiefgründig über Dinge nachdenken. | 132 | |
Feel curious about ideas. | Neugierig und ideenhungrig sein. | 164 | |
Creative Skill | Find new ways to do things. | Kreative neue Lösungen finden. | 16 |
Put ideas together in a new way. | Ideen auf ungewöhnliche Weise verbinden. | 48 | |
Use my imagination. | Meine Vorstellungskraft nutzen. | 80 | |
Come up with creative ideas. | Kreative Ideen entwickeln. | 112 | |
Invent things. | Dinge erfinden. | 144 | |
Come up with new ideas. | Neue Ideen entwickeln. | 176 | |
Artistic Skill | Draw or paint. | Malen oder Zeichnen. | 28 |
Create art. | Kunst schaffen. | 60 | |
Appreciate art, music, or literature. | Mich für Kunst, Musik oder Literatur begeistern. | 92 | |
Create beautiful things. | Schöne Dinge gestalten. | 124 | |
Make music. | Musik machen. | 156 | |
Write stories or poems. | Geschichten oder Gedichte schreiben. | 188 | |
Cultural Competence | Learn about other cultures. | Etwas über andere Kulturen lernen. | 32 |
Understand people from different backgrounds. | Menschen unterschiedlicher Herkunft verstehen. | 64 | |
Appreciate different cultures. | Unterschiedliche Kulturen wertschätzen. | 96 | |
Study other languages or cultures. | Mir Fremdsprachen oder Wissen über andere Kulturen aneignen. | 128 | |
Understand people’s cultural identities. | Kulturelle Eigenheiten anderer Menschen verstehen. | 160 | |
Get along with people from different backgrounds. | Mit Menschen unterschiedlicher Herkunft zurechtkommen. | 192 | |
Information Processing Skill | Solve puzzles. | Knifflige Probleme lösen. | 22 |
Handle a lot of information. | Viele Infos gleichzeitig erfassen. | 54 | |
Make sense of complex information. | Komplexe Informationen verstehen. | 86 | |
Process new information. | Neue Informationen verarbeiten. | 118 | |
Learn things quickly. | Schnell dazulernen. | 150 | |
Find logical solutions to problems. | Angemessene Lösungen für Probleme finden. | 182 | |
Compound Skills | |||
Capacity for Independence | Do things independently. | Dinge selbstständig tun. | 31 |
Think for myself. | Eigenständig denken. | 63 | |
Make decisions on my own. | Entscheidungen selbstständig treffen. | 95 | |
Do things on my own. | Dinge alleine tun. | 127 | |
Make my own choices. | Meine eigenen Entscheidungen treffen. | 159 | |
Get things done by myself. | Dinge ohne fremde Hilfe schaffen. | 191 | |
Self-Reflection Skill | Look inside myself. | In mich gehen, in mich hineinhören. | 10 |
Understand myself. | Mich selbst verstehen. | 42 | |
Understand my emotions. | Meine Gefühle verstehen. | 74 | |
Reflect on my life. | Über mein Leben nachdenken. | 106 | |
Pay attention to my thoughts and feelings. | Auf meine Gedanken und Gefühle achten. | 138 | |
Examine myself and my life. | Über mich selbst und mein Leben nachdenken. | 170 | |
Adaptability | Try new things. | Neue Dinge ausprobieren. | 19 |
Adapt to new surroundings. | Mich an eine neue Umgebung anpassen. | 51 | |
Adjust to new routines. | Mich an neue Abläufe anpassen. | 83 | |
Step out of my comfort zone. | Meine Komfortzone verlassen. | 115 | |
Try something that’s unfamiliar. | Etwas Neues und Unbekanntes ausprobieren. | 147 | |
Adapt to change. | Mit Veränderungen zurechtkommen. | 179 |
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BESSI Facet | No. of Factors | Eigenvalues | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PA | MAP | EKC | 1st | 2nd | Ratio | |
Social Engagement Skills | ||||||
Leadership Skill | 1 | 1 | 1 | 4.33 | 0.59 | 7.38 |
Conversational Skill | 1 | 1 | 1 | 4.39 | 0.53 | 8.29 |
Expressive Skill | 1 | 1 | 1 | 4.78 | 0.42 | 11.29 |
Persuasive Skill | 1 | 1 | 1 | 4.15 | 0.68 | 6.09 |
Energy Regulation | 1 | 1 | 1 | 4.41 | 0.48 | 9.11 |
Cooperation Skills | ||||||
Perspective-Taking Skill | 1 | 1 | 1 | 4.39 | 0.46 | 9.46 |
Capacity for Social Warmth | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3.99 | 0.59 | 6.75 |
Capacity for Trust | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3.68 | 0.71 | 5.20 |
Teamwork Skill | 1 | 1 | 1 | 4.75 | 0.39 | 12.09 |
Ethical Competence | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3.76 | 0.67 | 5.61 |
Self-Management Skills | ||||||
Task Management | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3.85 | 0.62 | 6.18 |
Responsibility Management | 1 | 1 | 1 | 4.37 | 0.44 | 9.89 |
Organizational Skill | 1 | 1 | 1 | 4.89 | 0.32 | 15.13 |
Time Management | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3.81 | 0.96 | 3.97 |
Detail Management | 1 | 1 | 1 | 4.21 | 0.50 | 8.41 |
Goal Regulation | 1 | 1 | 1 | 4.25 | 0.62 | 6.84 |
Rule-Following Skill | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3.99 | 0.65 | 6.10 |
Decision-Making Skill | 1 | 1 | 1 | 4.43 | 0.48 | 9.27 |
Capacity for Consistency | 1 | 1 | 1 | 4.28 | 0.54 | 7.97 |
Emotional Resilience Skills | ||||||
Stress Regulation | 1 | 1 | 1 | 4.53 | 0.48 | 9.37 |
Capacity for Optimism | 1 | 1 | 1 | 4.54 | 0.44 | 10.29 |
Anger Management | 1 | 1 | 1 | 4.69 | 0.42 | 11.06 |
Confidence Regulation | 1 | 1 | 1 | 4.57 | 0.52 | 8.84 |
Impulse Regulation | 1 | 1 | 1 | 4.09 | 0.61 | 6.72 |
Innovation Skills | ||||||
Abstract Thinking Skill | 1 | 1 | 1 | 4.16 | 0.57 | 7.28 |
Creative Skill | 1 | 1 | 1 | 4.43 | 0.58 | 7.65 |
Artistic Skill | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3.79 | 0.64 | 5.91 |
Cultural Competence | 1 | 1 | 1 | 4.41 | 0.53 | 8.31 |
Information Processing Skill | 1 | 1 | 1 | 4.35 | 0.48 | 9.13 |
Compound Skills | ||||||
Capacity for Independence | 1 | 1 | 1 | 4.25 | 0.48 | 8.90 |
Self-Reflection Skill | 1 | 1 | 1 | 4.45 | 0.59 | 7.56 |
Adaptability | 1 | 1 | 1 | 4.29 | 0.51 | 8.41 |
Facet | AVE | Split-Half | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Social Engagement Skills | ||||||
Leadership Skill | .92 | .91 | .66 | .90–.94 | .80 | .91 |
Conversational Skill | .93 | .92 | .68 | .90–.94 | .71 | .87 |
Expressive Skill | .95 | .94 | .75 | .92–.96 | .66 | .73 |
Persuasive Skill | .91 | .89 | .62 | .84–.93 | .74 | .85 |
Energy Regulation | .93 | .92 | .68 | .91–.95 | .70 | .80 |
Cooperation Skills | ||||||
Perspective-Taking Skill | .93 | .92 | .67 | .91–.94 | .64 | .82 |
Capacity for Social Warmth | .90 | .88 | .59 | .87–.93 | .66 | .78 |
Capacity for Trust | .87 | .83 | .52 | .81–.91 | .74 | .82 |
Teamwork Skill | .95 | .94 | .74 | .93–.96 | .67 | .71 |
Ethical Competence | .88 | .87 | .55 | .83–.90 | .56 | .71 |
Self-Management Skills | ||||||
Task Management | .89 | .87 | .56 | .87–.91 | .53 | .80 |
Responsibility Management | .92 | .92 | .67 | .91–.94 | .61 | .69 |
Organizational Skill | .95 | .95 | .77 | .94–.96 | .65 | .86 |
Time Management | .88 | .85 | .55 | .76–.93 | .67 | .82 |
Detail Management | .91 | .90 | .63 | .89–.93 | .54 | .71 |
Goal Regulation | .92 | .89 | .63 | .86–.93 | .68 | .80 |
Rule-Following Skill | .90 | .88 | .59 | .86–.93 | .64 | .78 |
Decision-Making Skill | .93 | .92 | .68 | .90–.94 | .59 | .71 |
Capacity for Consistency | .92 | .93 | .67 | .88–.94 | .40 | .71 |
Emotional Resilience Skills | ||||||
Stress Regulation | .93 | .92 | .70 | .90–.95 | .73 | .81 |
Capacity for Optimism | .94 | .92 | .69 | .92–.95 | .77 | .82 |
Anger Management | .94 | .93 | .73 | .91–.96 | .65 | .77 |
Confidence Regulation | .94 | .92 | .70 | .90–.95 | .74 | .79 |
Impulse Regulation | .91 | .89 | .61 | .86–.93 | .56 | .74 |
Innovation Skills | ||||||
Abstract Thinking Skill | .91 | .89 | .63 | .86–.94 | .69 | .90 |
Creative Skill | .93 | .91 | .67 | .90–.95 | .71 | .82 |
Artistic Skill | .88 | .86 | .54 | .84–.91 | .76 | .80 |
Cultural Competence | .93 | .94 | .69 | .90–.94 | .70 | .77 |
Information Processing Skill | .92 | .92 | .67 | .90–.94 | .65 | .81 |
Compound Skills | ||||||
Capacity for Independence | .92 | .91 | .64 | .90–.93 | .65 | .72 |
Self-Reflection Skill | .93 | .90 | .68 | .89–.95 | .55 | .75 |
Adaptability | .92 | .91 | .65 | .89–.94 | .67 | .76 |
Facet | df | p | CFI | RMSEA | SRMR | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Social Engagement Skills | |||||||
Leadership Skill | 43.30 | 9 | p < .001 | 4.81 | .985 | .070 | .022 |
Conversational Skill | 79.16 | 9 | p < .001 | 8.80 | .967 | .100 | .025 |
Expressive Skill | 129.34 | 9 | p < .001 | 14.37 | .955 | .130 | .027 |
Persuasive Skill | 146.73 | 9 | p < .001 | 16.30 | .927 | .140 | .046 |
Energy Regulation | 60.41 | 9 | p < .001 | 6.71 | .978 | .085 | .022 |
Cooperation Skills | |||||||
Perspective-Taking Skill | 47.56 | 9 | p < .001 | 5.28 | .980 | .074 | .020 |
Capacity for Social Warmth | 86.41 | 9 | p < .001 | 9.60 | .952 | .105 | .033 |
Capacity for Trust | 128.72 | 9 | p < .001 | 14.30 | .913 | .130 | .047 |
Teamwork Skill | 59.82 | 9 | p < .001 | 6.65 | .975 | .085 | .021 |
Ethical Competence | 46.61 | 9 | p < .001 | 5.18 | .966 | .073 | .032 |
Self-Management Skills | |||||||
Task Management | 67.52 | 9 | p < .001 | 7.50 | .965 | .091 | .031 |
Responsibility Management | 36.34 | 9 | p < .001 | 4.04 | .982 | .062 | .020 |
Organizational Skill | 57.17 | 9 | p < .001 | 6.35 | .981 | .082 | .017 |
Time Management | 330.34 | 9 | p < .001 | 36.70 | .810 | .212 | .081 |
Detail Management | 67.00 | 9 | p < .001 | 7.44 | .961 | .090 | .028 |
Goal Regulation | 125.40 | 9 | p < .001 | 13.93 | .937 | .128 | .039 |
Rule-Following Skill | 111.58 | 9 | p < .001 | 12.40 | .944 | .120 | .037 |
Decision-Making Skill | 63.99 | 9 | p < .001 | 7.11 | .972 | .088 | .025 |
Capacity for Consistency | 46.84 | 9 | p < .001 | 5.20 | .975 | .073 | .027 |
Emotional Resilience Skills | |||||||
Stress Regulation | 109.66 | 9 | p < .001 | 12.19 | .955 | .119 | .030 |
Capacity for Optimism | 93.13 | 9 | p < .001 | 10.35 | .967 | .109 | .025 |
Anger Management | 123.85 | 9 | p < .001 | 13.76 | .939 | .127 | .032 |
Confidence Regulation | 160.78 | 9 | p < .001 | 17.86 | .936 | .147 | .035 |
Impulse Regulation | 106.92 | 9 | p < .001 | 11.88 | .936 | .118 | .038 |
Innovation Skills | |||||||
Abstract Thinking Skill | 136.68 | 9 | p < .001 | 15.19 | .936 | .134 | .037 |
Creative Skill | 150.64 | 9 | p < .001 | 16.74 | .945 | .141 | .036 |
Artistic Skill | 97.26 | 9 | p < .001 | 10.81 | .946 | .112 | .039 |
Cultural Competence | 60.89 | 9 | p < .001 | 6.77 | .976 | .086 | .025 |
Information Processing Skill | 71.48 | 9 | p < .001 | 7.94 | .967 | .094 | .026 |
Compound Skills | |||||||
Capacity for Independence | 66.40 | 9 | p < .001 | 7.38 | .965 | .090 | .027 |
Self-Reflection Skill | 184.58 | 9 | p < .001 | 20.51 | .910 | .158 | .047 |
Adaptability | 115.40 | 9 | p < .001 | 12.82 | .945 | .123 | .032 |
Facet | Loadings on the BESSI Domains | Indices | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Social Engagement | Cooperation | Self-Management | Emotional Resilience | Innovation | Complexity | Uniqueness | |
Conversational Skill | 0.97 | 0.31 | −0.14 | −0.06 | −0.23 | 2.17 | .23 |
Persuasive Skill | 0.88 | −0.17 | −0.11 | 0.01 | 0.15 | 2.05 | .30 |
Leadership Skill | 0.78 | −0.14 | −0.04 | 0.04 | 0.16 | 2.37 | .33 |
Expressive Skill | 0.69 | 0.34 | −0.11 | 0.02 | −0.12 | 3.03 | .38 |
Perspective-Taking Skill | −0.18 | 0.85 | 0.07 | −0.27 | 0.34 | 2.06 | .26 |
Capacity for Trust | −0.04 | 0.61 | −0.15 | 0.33 | −0.01 | 2.51 | .48 |
Capacity for Social Warmth | 0.21 | 0.55 | 0.16 | −0.07 | 0.07 | 3.84 | .30 |
Ethical Competence | −0.02 | 0.42 | 0.38 | −0.11 | 0.16 | 3.49 | .41 |
Teamwork Skill | 0.28 | 0.40 | 0.21 | 0.01 | −0.07 | 4.13 | .45 |
Responsibility Management | −0.07 | −0.02 | 1.02 | −0.25 | −0.06 | 1.18 | .34 |
Time Management | 0.06 | −0.11 | 0.98 | −0.12 | −0.22 | 1.19 | .40 |
Task Management | 0.04 | −0.21 | 0.93 | 0.09 | −0.12 | 1.58 | .34 |
Detail Management | −0.09 | −0.02 | 0.91 | −0.16 | 0.07 | 1.47 | .36 |
Capacity for Consistency | −0.09 | 0.05 | 0.89 | −0.03 | −0.20 | 1.30 | .45 |
Goal Regulation | 0.02 | −0.12 | 0.85 | −0.03 | 0.07 | 1.81 | .33 |
Decision-Making Skill | −0.14 | −0.05 | 0.81 | 0.01 | 0.15 | 1.89 | .40 |
Capacity for Independence | 0.11 | −0.17 | 0.79 | −0.15 | 0.12 | 1.82 | .43 |
Organizational Skill | −0.14 | 0.13 | 0.79 | 0.03 | −0.26 | 1.44 | .54 |
Rule-Following Skill | −0.18 | 0.30 | 0.78 | −0.04 | −0.27 | 1.62 | .47 |
Energy Regulation | 0.05 | −0.04 | 0.49 | 0.35 | 0.01 | 3.09 | .38 |
Capacity for Optimism | 0.09 | 0.01 | −0.00 | 0.83 | −0.06 | 1.56 | .25 |
Anger Management | −0.15 | 0.16 | 0.03 | 0.83 | −0.02 | 1.49 | .29 |
Stress Regulation | 0.05 | −0.11 | 0.16 | 0.79 | −0.02 | 1.67 | .29 |
Impulse Regulation | −0.17 | 0.05 | 0.20 | 0.65 | 0.06 | 1.84 | .43 |
Confidence Regulation | 0.28 | −0.08 | 0.14 | 0.53 | 0.03 | 2.77 | .35 |
Abstract Thinking Skill | −0.05 | 0.04 | 0.07 | −0.09 | 0.91 | 1.87 | .20 |
Creative Skill | −0.04 | −0.07 | 0.12 | −0.01 | 0.88 | 1.88 | .24 |
Artistic Skill | −0.11 | 0.17 | −0.22 | 0.05 | 0.70 | 1.82 | .60 |
Cultural Competence | 0.11 | 0.38 | −0.19 | −0.05 | 0.50 | 3.18 | .49 |
Information Processing Skill | 0.09 | −0.11 | 0.29 | 0.15 | 0.49 | 3.51 | .32 |
Self-Reflection Skill | −0.23 | 0.23 | 0.34 | 0.20 | 0.29 | 4.00 | .47 |
Adaptability | 0.30 | 0.04 | 0.07 | 0.34 | 0.13 | 3.77 | .40 |
Facet | Extraversion | Agreeableness | Conscientiousness | Emotional Stability | Open-Mindedness |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Social Engagement Skills | |||||
Leadership Skill | .64 | −.08 | .19 | .22 | .18 |
Conversational Skill | .60 | .19 | .20 | .31 | .20 |
Expressive Skill | .41 | .17 | .23 | .26 | .24 |
Persuasive Skill | .53 | −.12 | .10 | .15 | .20 |
Energy Regulation | .42 | .10 | .42 | .48 | .21 |
Cooperation Skills | |||||
Perspective-Taking Skill | .17 | .47 | .20 | .11 | .30 |
Capacity for Social Warmth | .44 | .42 | .24 | .21 | .27 |
Capacity for Trust | .23 | .44 | .00 | .30 | .14 |
Teamwork Skill | .42 | .25 | .35 | .30 | .17 |
Ethical Competence | .20 | .25 | .39 | .28 | .23 |
Self-Management Skills | |||||
Task Management | .31 | .17 | .57 | .46 | .23 |
Responsibility Management | .22 | .28 | .55 | .25 | .19 |
Organizational Skill | .23 | .08 | .71 | .19 | .07 |
Time Management | .21 | .13 | .56 | .23 | .11 |
Detail Management | .31 | .14 | .52 | .25 | .34 |
Goal Regulation | .46 | .16 | .42 | .28 | .33 |
Rule-Following Skill | .07 | .26 | .37 | .13 | .07 |
Decision-Making Skill | .24 | .12 | .32 | .34 | .27 |
Capacity for Consistency | .13 | .14 | .39 | .15 | .02 |
Emotional Resilience Skills | |||||
Stress Regulation | .18 | .06 | .13 | .68 | .09 |
Capacity for Optimism | .37 | .27 | .22 | .66 | .15 |
Anger Management | .15 | .20 | .14 | .59 | .17 |
Confidence Regulation | .45 | .14 | .21 | .54 | .18 |
Impulse Regulation | .15 | .19 | .26 | .39 | .21 |
Innovation Skills | |||||
Abstract Thinking Skill | .41 | .08 | .12 | .15 | .57 |
Creative Skill | .38 | .02 | .11 | .22 | .58 |
Artistic Skill | .17 | −.03 | −.07 | −.03 | .53 |
Cultural Competence | .29 | .18 | .07 | .08 | .39 |
Information Processing Skill | .34 | .08 | .29 | .32 | .36 |
Compound Skills | |||||
Capacity for Independence | .28 | .07 | .40 | .29 | .25 |
Self-Reflection Skill | .30 | .20 | .25 | .33 | .27 |
Adaptability | .45 | .17 | .22 | .36 | .27 |
Comparison with Soto et al. (2022) | |||||
Pattern correlation | .90 | .89 | .91 | .93 | .89 |
Average absolute difference | .10 | .14 | .10 | .07 | .09 |
Facet | ex-soc | ex-ass | ex-ene | ag-com | ag-res | ag-tru | co-org | co-pro | co-res | em-anx | em-dep | em-vol | op-aes | op-int | op-cre |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Social Engagement Skills | |||||||||||||||
Leadership Skill | .41 | .74 | .26 | −.06 | −.05 | −.05 | .14 | .17 | .14 | .22 | .25 | .04 | −.01 | .24 | .24 |
Conversational Skill | .61 | .36 | .36 | .17 | .06 | .20 | .13 | .21 | .13 | .23 | .37 | .16 | −.01 | .22 | .30 |
Expressive Skill | .40 | .31 | .18 | .19 | .09 | .14 | .12 | .25 | .19 | .18 | .30 | .14 | .06 | .20 | .32 |
Persuasive Skill | .40 | .55 | .21 | −.04 | −.14 | −.09 | .05 | .14 | .06 | .18 | .19 | −.02 | −.02 | .30 | .25 |
Energy Regulation | .27 | .27 | .39 | .01 | .04 | .19 | .24 | .63 | .28 | .44 | .47 | .28 | −.03 | .25 | .34 |
Cooperation Skills | |||||||||||||||
Perspective-Taking Skill | .09 | .10 | .19 | .48 | .38 | .25 | .10 | .13 | .29 | .02 | .09 | .16 | .18 | .26 | .25 |
Capacity for Social Warmth | .37 | .28 | .31 | .37 | .31 | .29 | .15 | .16 | .28 | .13 | .21 | .18 | .08 | .20 | .35 |
Capacity for Trust | .21 | .07 | .23 | .23 | .24 | .53 | −.08 | .08 | .02 | .24 | .22 | .31 | .03 | .14 | .17 |
Teamwork Skill | .28 | .31 | .35 | .21 | .18 | .21 | .21 | .30 | .28 | .23 | .29 | .20 | −.03 | .20 | .29 |
Ethical Competence | .10 | .15 | .17 | .22 | .20 | .20 | .20 | .36 | .36 | .23 | .23 | .24 | .04 | .22 | .31 |
Self-Management Skills | |||||||||||||||
Task Management | .12 | .26 | .30 | .06 | .12 | .23 | .30 | .61 | .70 | .40 | .40 | .34 | −.01 | .26 | .33 |
Responsibility Management | .08 | .22 | .17 | .26 | .63 | .17 | .38 | .40 | .52 | .18 | .28 | .15 | .01 | .18 | .26 |
Organizational Skill | .15 | .13 | .22 | .03 | .15 | .01 | .73 | .47 | .40 | .14 | .22 | .08 | −.03 | .04 | .19 |
Time Management | .07 | .19 | .18 | .13 | .13 | .06 | .37 | .45 | .50 | .19 | .22 | .16 | −.06 | .13 | .25 |
Detail Management | .14 | .28 | .26 | .13 | .14 | .07 | .36 | .43 | .41 | .22 | .23 | .17 | .13 | .29 | .36 |
Goal Regulation | .24 | .39 | .38 | .12 | .13 | .13 | .24 | .38 | .36 | .22 | .29 | .17 | .07 | .36 | .37 |
Rule-Following Skill | .05 | .06 | .06 | .21 | .24 | .13 | .29 | .29 | .26 | .10 | .12 | .11 | −.03 | .03 | .18 |
Decision-Making Skill | .06 | .26 | .20 | .02 | .22 | .09 | .16 | .31 | .30 | .31 | .27 | .27 | .03 | .31 | .32 |
Capacity for Consistency | .06 | .11 | .12 | .16 | .60 | .51 | .26 | .35 | .29 | .15 | .14 | .54 | −.10 | .04 | .13 |
Emotional Resilience Skills | |||||||||||||||
Stress Regulation | .12 | .10 | .16 | −.07 | .08 | .13 | .01 | .22 | .09 | .70 | .48 | .57 | −.11 | .19 | .20 |
Capacity for Optimism | .27 | .19 | .34 | .10 | .22 | .31 | .06 | .25 | .21 | .58 | .62 | .44 | −.08 | .21 | .28 |
Anger Management | .11 | .06 | .14 | .03 | .17 | .27 | .02 | .20 | .13 | .50 | .40 | .58 | −.01 | .26 | .19 |
Confidence Regulation | .35 | .33 | .32 | .05 | .10 | .19 | .10 | .25 | .16 | .40 | .60 | .32 | −.06 | .21 | .32 |
Impulse Regulation | .05 | .11 | .17 | .08 | .20 | .18 | .15 | .29 | .20 | .31 | .29 | .37 | .06 | .21 | .23 |
Innovation Skills | |||||||||||||||
Abstract Thinking Skill | .22 | .37 | .31 | .06 | .13 | .01 | .02 | .14 | .15 | .13 | .13 | .14 | .27 | .64 | .44 |
Creative Skill | .21 | .34 | .27 | −.02 | .03 | .03 | .01 | .17 | .11 | .23 | .15 | .17 | .25 | .47 | .64 |
Artistic Skill | .18 | .10 | .11 | −.10 | .02 | .03 | −.06 | −.01 | −.07 | .01 | −.07 | −.02 | .51 | .30 | .33 |
Cultural Competence | .15 | .22 | .28 | .08 | .18 | .16 | .06 | .03 | .10 | .08 | .07 | .05 | .25 | .37 | .28 |
Information Processing Skill | .16 | .34 | .24 | .04 | .11 | .06 | .15 | .33 | .23 | .34 | .26 | .23 | .08 | .39 | .41 |
Compound Skills | |||||||||||||||
Capacity for Independence | .10 | .31 | .20 | .00 | .14 | .04 | .26 | .32 | .36 | .29 | .29 | .14 | .02 | .27 | .33 |
Self-Reflection Skill | .20 | .23 | .23 | .18 | .19 | .11 | .15 | .19 | .25 | .24 | .34 | .22 | .04 | .34 | .26 |
Adaptability | .35 | .29 | .33 | .10 | .11 | .18 | .15 | .21 | .14 | .33 | .33 | .24 | .04 | .31 | .33 |
Comparison with Soto et al. (2022) | |||||||||||||||
Pattern correlation | .94 | .90 | .74 | .79 | .60 | .70 | .92 | .91 | .79 | .88 | .91 | .81 | .89 | .88 | .77 |
Average absolute difference | .09 | .10 | .10 | .14 | .15 | .09 | .09 | .09 | .11 | .10 | .07 | .08 | .11 | .07 | .11 |
Domain | Conscientiousness | Extraversion | Agreeableness | Emo. Stability | Open-Mindedness |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Self-Management Skills | .61 | .25 | .18 | .32 | .21 |
Social Engagement Skills | .18 | .60 | .00 | .27 | .21 |
Cooperation Skills | .21 | .33 | .43 | .29 | .23 |
Emotional Resilience Skills | .17 | .29 | .13 | .68 | .14 |
Innovation Skills | .06 | .33 | .02 | .10 | .53 |
Comparison with Soto et al. (2022) | |||||
Pattern correlation | .99 | .99 | .99 | .99 | .97 |
Average absolute difference | .09 | .13 | .24 | .06 | .15 |
BESSI-G Facet | Fluid Intelligence (gf) | Crystallized Intelligence (gc) |
---|---|---|
Social Engagement Skills | ||
Leadership Skill | .08 | .02 |
Conversational Skill | −.04 | .03 |
Expressive Skill | −.05 | .00 |
Persuasive Skill | .03 | .08 |
Energy Regulation | −.04 | −.04 |
Cooperation Skills | ||
Perspective-Taking Skill | .05 | −.02 |
Capacity for Social Warmth | .04 | .01 |
Capacity for Trust | .01 | −.11 |
Teamwork Skill | .09 | .01 |
Ethical Competence | .07 | .16 |
Self-Management Skills | ||
Task Management | −.04 | .04 |
Responsibility Management | .12 | .16 |
Organizational Skill | −.08 | −.07 |
Time Management | .01 | .06 |
Detail Management | .12 | .15 |
Goal Regulation | .09 | .02 |
Rule-Following Skill | .07 | −.03 |
Decision-Making Skill | .09 | .07 |
Capacity for Consistency | .02 | .11 |
Emotional Resilience Skills | ||
Stress Regulation | −.01 | .04 |
Capacity for Optimism | −.03 | .02 |
Anger Management | −.01 | .00 |
Confidence Regulation | −.05 | .00 |
Impulse Regulation | .03 | −.05 |
Innovation Skills | ||
Abstract Thinking Skill | .13 | .12 |
Creative Skill | .06 | .07 |
Artistic Skill | .04 | −.02 |
Cultural Competence | .15 | .06 |
Information Processing Skill | .20 | .11 |
Compound Skills | ||
Capacity for Independence | .07 | .14 |
Self-Reflection Skill | −.02 | −.01 |
Adaptability | .05 | .00 |
BESSI-G Domain | Fluid Intelligence (gf) | Crystallized Intelligence (gc) |
---|---|---|
Self-Management Skills | .05 | .07 |
Social Engagement Skills | −.02 | −.02 |
Cooperation Skills | .01 | −.07 |
Emotional Resilience Skills | −.04 | −.01 |
Innovation Skills | .08 | .01 |
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Lechner, C.M.; Knopf, T.; Napolitano, C.M.; Rammstedt, B.; Roberts, B.W.; Soto, C.J.; Spengler, M. The Behavioral, Emotional, and Social Skills Inventory (BESSI): Psychometric Properties of a German-Language Adaptation, Temporal Stabilities of the Skills, and Associations with Personality and Intelligence. J. Intell. 2022, 10, 63. https://doi.org/10.3390/jintelligence10030063
Lechner CM, Knopf T, Napolitano CM, Rammstedt B, Roberts BW, Soto CJ, Spengler M. The Behavioral, Emotional, and Social Skills Inventory (BESSI): Psychometric Properties of a German-Language Adaptation, Temporal Stabilities of the Skills, and Associations with Personality and Intelligence. Journal of Intelligence. 2022; 10(3):63. https://doi.org/10.3390/jintelligence10030063
Chicago/Turabian StyleLechner, Clemens M., Thomas Knopf, Christopher M. Napolitano, Beatrice Rammstedt, Brent W. Roberts, Christopher J. Soto, and Marion Spengler. 2022. "The Behavioral, Emotional, and Social Skills Inventory (BESSI): Psychometric Properties of a German-Language Adaptation, Temporal Stabilities of the Skills, and Associations with Personality and Intelligence" Journal of Intelligence 10, no. 3: 63. https://doi.org/10.3390/jintelligence10030063
APA StyleLechner, C. M., Knopf, T., Napolitano, C. M., Rammstedt, B., Roberts, B. W., Soto, C. J., & Spengler, M. (2022). The Behavioral, Emotional, and Social Skills Inventory (BESSI): Psychometric Properties of a German-Language Adaptation, Temporal Stabilities of the Skills, and Associations with Personality and Intelligence. Journal of Intelligence, 10(3), 63. https://doi.org/10.3390/jintelligence10030063