Consistory and Youth Surveillance in the Republic of Geneva: The Case of Games (16th–18th Centuries)
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. What Did the Reformation Think About Gaming?
2.1. The Christian’s Life and the Necessity of Playing Games
2.2. Games Are Good, at Certain Conditions…
2.3. The Gaming Legislation Resulting from the Reformation
3. The Youth and Gaming: What Is the Scandal All About?
3.1. The Profanation of Sunday, Desertion of Catechism Classes, and Absenteeism from Sermons
3.2. The Deleterious Effects of the Abuse of Games among the Youth: Violence, Debts, and a Lack of Responsabilitiy
4. What Are the Causes of the Abuse of Games among the Youth?
4.1. Too Much Study?
4.2. The Dangers of Social Mimicry: When Children Play as Passionately as Adults
4.3. The Modern Temptation of New Sociability Spaces
5. How to Deal with the “Fury of Games” among the Youth?
5.1. Exhorting and Punishing the Youth
5.2. Protecting the Youth through Legislative Updates
5.3. In Favor of a Collective Exhortaion: Of the Christian Society’s Responsibility as a Whole
6. Conclusions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
1 | The reputation of the Geneva consistorial sources should not, however, obscure the existence of other consistorial sources in Europe. For example, for French-speaking Switzerland, a work listing all the known collections of the consistories of this region was recently published, revealing an entire territory of archives to explore; see (Grosse et al. 2021). For a quick review (in French) of the book, see (Werly 2022). |
2 | An “anticipation” of marriage is a sexual relationship that takes place between two engaged couples before they are married. |
3 | Cramer only transcribed a tiny part of the consistorial sources between 1541 and 1798 (around 5%) and the greatest specialists, such as Isabella and Jeffrey Watt, Robert Kingdon, Christian Grosse (and others), agree that only the most notable, exceptional and scandalous disciplinary cases caught Cramer’s attention, which could, one can easily imagine, give a distorted representation of daily life. Robert Kingdon summarized in 1990 the interest and limits of Cramer’s work, see (Kingdon 1990, pp. 169–70). |
4 | Here, only the Geneva context interests us, hence the mention of these three theologians. But, others, such as Zwingli, expressed the importance of playing games or any kind of physical exercise. The Zurich reformer took a position as early as 1526 on the legality of games in the treatise he composed on the education of Christian youth (the first Latin edition was printed in Basel in 1523). Physical exercise games such as running, swimming, jumping, weight throwing, wrestling and more intellectual relaxation, mobilizing, for example, mental arithmetic, as is the case with chess, are valued. On the other hand, the theologian unreservedly condemns games of money and chance. Zwingli invites young people to train regularly in wrestling, avoiding however getting carried away and ultimately perverting the exercise into a regrettable fight. Note that, under the Ancient Regime, the distinction between game and sport is not as clear as in contemporary times, which is why military exercises, such as archery or arquebus shooting, are considered to fall under games. See (Zwingli [1523] 1899, pp. 90–93). |
5 | About Lambert Daneau’s life and works, the most essentials works to consult are the following ones (De Félice [1882] 1971; Fatio 1971, 1976, 1981; Ridderikhoff 1985; Dictionnaire historique de la Suisse 2002–2014, s.v. “Lambert Daneau”; Fatio [1995] 2006; Chareyre 2006). |
6 | The criticism of games of chance is very old and dates back to Christian antiquity. Lambert Daneau translated the key text of Saint Cyprian, the Libellum de aleatoribus, and draws inspiration from it in his own writings, see (Daneau 1566; Cyprian 1889). |
7 | “In an era of intense religious conflict, both Protestant and Catholic thinkers were quite concerned about the religious indoctrination of the young”, (Watt 2004, p. 48) |
8 | |
9 | This is certainly the area of today’s rue des Terreaux-du-Temple. The “terreaux”, from the Latin terralia, represented the defensive ditches of the Saint Gervais district enclosure; they were built in the second half of the 15th century. See (Galland 1988). |
10 | Here, we use the expression which gave a title to a great classic of specialized literature. See (Grosse et al. 2018). |
11 | Here are some references for the 1690s, see (Registres du Consistoire, vol. 68, f° 84, 83, 188, 264 [13 September, 16 October 1694; 13 August 1696; 16 March 1698]). |
12 | As early as the early 17th century, major disturbances and noises were reported. See (Registres du Consistoire, vol. 48, f° 117v, 121v [28 October, 11 November 1619]). |
13 | The Fusterie temple was built in 1715, a few years after the revocation of the Edict of Nantes (1685). Its aim was to compensate for the lack of space during worship that occurred after the arrival of the French Huguenots in Geneva. |
14 | Lots of archives’ references could be cited here, see for instance (Registres du Consistoire, vol. 61, f° 14v [14 December 1671]; vol. 75, f° 164 [12 mMrch 1716]; vol. 78, f° 676 [10 July 1721]; vol. 89, f° 301 [7 May 1772] ; vol. 94, f° 98 [21 February 1793]). |
15 | An essay on luxury was even published in Geneva during the 18th century, in which exuberant materialism and money lost in games are absolutely condemned. See (Butini 1774). |
16 | On the history and success of jeu de paume in Europe, see (Luze 1933; Bonhomme 1991; Bonnefoy et al. 1991; Mehl 1993; Rollan and Reneaud 1995; Clastres and Dietschy 2009). |
17 | For more information about the urbanistic detail of the jeume de paume in Geneva, see (Travers 2020, p. 4); Alain Mélo gives also some information about the buldings in (Broillet et al. 1997–2023, vol. 2, pp. 236–38). |
18 | He was fined 25 florins, a substantial sum, given that in the 17th century the average daily wage was about 2 florins, see (Lescaze 1981, pp. 38, 41, 42) and (Registres du Conseil, vol. 152, f° 35, 16 February 1653). |
19 | See the specific definition of those games academies in (Furetière 1690; Dictionnaire de l’Académie française 1694). |
20 | See (Registres du Consistoire, vol. 57, f° 91v [31 May 1655]). About the Gallatin familly, see (Vuilleumier 2009, pp. 52–56). |
21 | The first rumors date from September 1685: “Complaint against Sieur Bartelogne & his wife. It was represented that Mr. Bartologne and his wife having been in debauchery during the last sermon last Sunday, they were sent back here by the Lord of Justice to undergo censorship advised to call them”, see (Registres du Consistoire, vol. 66, f° 24v, 17 September 1685); “Louis Bartelogne & Judith Fabry his wife appeared on the Dismissal of Mr. Lieutenant for having spent last Sunday eight days preaching at their home in drinking and entertainment who admitted that people who had business with them came to their home and spent the preaches, collating there without any noise or scandal having nevertheless been amended by the lieutenant advised to seriously censure them for this bad behavior and profanation of the said day and particularly the said woman to make it a profession and custom.”, see (Registres du Consistoire, vol. 66, f° 26, 24 September 1685). |
22 | This is a well-known problem in historical research: women and children are often absent from historical sources, which is all the more true when we go back to ancient periods. Recomposing their history and giving life to their voices is a constant challenge for historians. |
23 | The bailiff of the Consistory is mostly called a “sautier” in Geneva. This expression is proper to Swiss context and more particullary to Geneva. |
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Werly, B. Consistory and Youth Surveillance in the Republic of Geneva: The Case of Games (16th–18th Centuries). Religions 2024, 15, 1289. https://doi.org/10.3390/rel15111289
Werly B. Consistory and Youth Surveillance in the Republic of Geneva: The Case of Games (16th–18th Centuries). Religions. 2024; 15(11):1289. https://doi.org/10.3390/rel15111289
Chicago/Turabian StyleWerly, Baptiste. 2024. "Consistory and Youth Surveillance in the Republic of Geneva: The Case of Games (16th–18th Centuries)" Religions 15, no. 11: 1289. https://doi.org/10.3390/rel15111289
APA StyleWerly, B. (2024). Consistory and Youth Surveillance in the Republic of Geneva: The Case of Games (16th–18th Centuries). Religions, 15(11), 1289. https://doi.org/10.3390/rel15111289