Spiritual Intelligence as a Mediator between Personality and Emotional and Decisional Forgiveness in Polish Adults
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Personality—Forgiveness
1.2. Personality—Spirituality
1.3. Spirituality—Forgiveness
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Power Analysis
2.2. Participants and Procedure
2.3. Methods
2.4. Data Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Limitations
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Amrai, Kourosh, Ali Farahani, Mojtaba Ebrahimi, and Valiollah Bagherian. 2011. Relationship between Personality Traits and Spiritual Intelligence among University Students. Procedia—Social and Behavioral Sciences 15: 609–12. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Antunes, Roque R., Ana Paula Silva, and Jorge Oliveira. 2018. Spiritual Intelligence Self-Assessment Inventory: Psychometric Properties of the Portuguese Version of SISRI-24. Journal of Religion, Spirituality & Aging 30: 12–24. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Apostolou, Menelaos, and Andriana Demosthenous. 2021. Why People Forgive Their Intimate Partners’ Infidelity: A Taxonomy of Reasons. Adaptive Human Behavior and Physiology 7: 54–71. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Asselmann, Eva, Elke Holst, and Jule Specht. 2023. Longitudinal Bidirectional Associations between Personality and Becoming a Leader. Journal of Personality 91: 285–98. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Atroszko, Paweł A., Katarzyna Skrzypińska, and Julia M. Balcerowska. 2021. Is There a General Factor of Spiritual Intelligence? Factorial Validity of the Polish Adaptation of Spiritual Intelligence Self-Report Inventory. Journal of Religion and Health 60: 3591–605. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bering, Jesse M. 2003. Towards a Cognitive Theory of Existential Meaning. New Ideas in Psychology 21: 101–20. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bering, Jesse M. 2012. The Belief Instinct: The Psychology of Souls, Destiny, and the Meaning of Life. New York: WW Norton & Company. [Google Scholar]
- Boyer, Pascal. 2003. Are Ghost Concepts “Intuitive,” “Endemic” and “Innate”? Journal of Cognition & Culture 3: 233–43. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Braithwaite, Scott R., Edward A. Selby, and Frank D. Fincham. 2011. Forgiveness and Relationship Satisfaction: Mediating Mechanisms. Journal of Family Psychology 25: 551. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Brose, Lesley A., Mark S. Rye, Catherine Lutz-Zois, and Scott R. Ross. 2005. Forgiveness and Personality Traits. Personality and Individual Differences 39: 35–46. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Brudek, Paweł, and Kinga Kaleta. 2023. Marital Offence-specific Forgiveness as Mediator in the Relationships between Personality Traits and Marital Satisfaction Among Older Couples: Perspectives on Lars Tornstam’s Theory of Gerotranscendence. Ageing & Society 43: 161–79. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cabras, Cristina, Kinga Kaleta, Justyna Mróz, Giorgia Loi, and Cristina Sechi. 2022. Gender and Age Differences in Forgivingness in Italian and Polish Samples. Heliyon 8: e09771. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Chan, Arita W. Y., and Angela F. Y. Siu. 2016. Application of the Spiritual Intelligence Self-Report Inventory (SISRI-24) Among Hong Kong University Students. International Journal of Transpersonal Studies 35: 1–12. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Choe, Elise, Don E. Davis, Stacey E. McElroy, Charles J. Westbrook, Marieke van Nuenen, Daryl R. Van Tongeren, and Joshua N. Hook. 2016. Relational Spirituality and Forgiveness of Offenses Committed by Religious Leaders. International Journal for the Psychology of Religion 26: 46–60. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Costa, Paul T., and Robert R. McCrae. 1992. Neo Personality Inventory-Revised (NEO PI-R). Odessa: Psychological Assessment Resources. [Google Scholar]
- Dametto, Denise Martins, and Ana Paula Porto Noronha. 2021. Study between Personality Traits and Character Strengths in Adolescents. Current Psychology 40: 2067–72. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Davis, Don E., Joshua N. Hook, Daryl R. Van Tongeren, Cirleen DeBlaere, Kenneth G. Rice, and Everett L. Worthington Jr. 2015. Making a Decision to Forgive. Journal of Counseling Psychology 62: 280–88. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- De Maesschalck, R., D. Jouan-Rimbaud, and D.L. Massart. 2000. The Mahalanobis Distance. Chemometrics and Intelligent Laboratory Systems 50: 1–18. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Du, Sedigheh Allah, Shahrzad Mazdarani, and Daryoush Ghasemian. 2013. The Relationship between Spiritual Intelligence and Stress among Teachers. Journal of Social Issues & Humanities 1: 58–60. [Google Scholar]
- Edara, Inna Reddy. 2015. Mediating Role of Individualism-Collectivism in Spirituality’s Relation to Motivational Forgiveness. Asia Pacific Journal of Counselling and Psychotherapy 6: 28–40. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Emmons, Robert A. 2000. Is Spirituality an Intelligence? Motivation, Cognition, and the Psychology of Ultimate Concern. The International Journal for the Psychology of Religion 10: 3–26. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Faul, Franz, Edgar Erdfelder, Albert-Georg Lang, and Axel Buchner. 2007. G*Power 3: A Flexible Statistical Power Analysis Program for the Social, Behavioral, and Biomedical Sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39: 175–91. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Fehr, Ryan, Michele J. Gelfand, and Monisha Nag. 2010. The Road to Forgiveness: A Meta-Analytic Synthesis of Its Situational and Dispositional Correlates. Psychological Bulletin 136: 894–914. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Frankl, Victor. E. 1972. Der Wille zum Sinn. Bern-Stuttgart-Wien: Huber. [Google Scholar]
- Frankl, Victor. E. 1975. The Unconscious God. New York: Simon and Schuster. [Google Scholar]
- Gardner, Howard. 2000. A Case against Spiritual Intelligence. The International Journal for the Psychology of Religion 10: 27–34. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Grasmane, Ina, Vitālijs Raščevskis, and Anita Pipere. 2022. Primary Validation of Children Spiritual Intelligence Scale in a Sample of Latvian Elementary School Pupils. International Journal of Children’s Spirituality 27: 97–112. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Halama, Peter, and M. Stríženec. 2004. Spiritual, Existential or Both? Theoretical Considerations on the Nature of “Higher” Intelligences. Studia Psychologica 46: 239–53. [Google Scholar]
- Hay, David. 1994. “The Biology of God”: What Is the Current Status of Hardy’s Hypothesis? International Journal for the Psychology of Religion 4: 1–23. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hayes, Andrew F. 2017. Introduction to Mediation, Moderation, and Conditional Process Analysis: A Regression-Based Approach. New York: Guliford Press. [Google Scholar]
- Hodge, Adam S., Laura E. Captari, David K. Mosher, Nilesh Kodali, Joshua N. Hook, Don E. Davis, and Daryl R. Van Tongeren. 2020. Personality and Forgiveness: A Meta-Analytic Review. In Handbook of Forgiveness, 2nd ed. New York: Routledge/Taylor & Francis Group, pp. 97–106. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hofstee, Willem K., Boele de Raad, and Lewis R. Goldberg. 1992. Integration of the Big Five and Circumplex Approaches to Trait Structure. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 63: 146–63. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Hook, Joshua N., Everett L. Worthington Jr., Shawn O. Utsey, Don E. Davis, and Jeni L. Burnette. 2012. Collectivistic Self-construal and Forgiveness. Counseling and Values 57: 109–24. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kaleta, Kinga, and Justyna Mróz. 2018. Forgiveness and Life Satisfaction across Different Age Groups in Adults. Personality and Individual Differences 120: 17–23. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kaleta, Kinga, and Justyna Mróz. 2019. Personality Traits and Two Dimensions of Forgivingness. Roczniki Psychologiczne 21: 147–62. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kaleta, Kinga, and Justyna Mróz. 2021. The Effect of Apology on Emotional and Decisional Forgiveness: The Role of Personality. Personality and Individual Differences 168: 110310. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kaleta, Kinga, and Justyna Mróz. 2022. Gender Differences in Forgiveness and Its Affective Correlates. Journal of Religion and Health 61: 2819–37. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Keaten, James, and Lynne Kelly. 2008. Emotional Intelligence as a Mediator of Family Communication Patterns and Reticence. Communication Reports 21: 104–16. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- King, David B. 2008. Brighter Paths to Wellbeing: An Integrative Model of Human Intelligence and Health. Trent University Centre for Health Studies Showcase 2008: 12–13. [Google Scholar]
- King, David B., and Teresa L. DeCicco. 2009. A Viable Model and Self-Report Measure of Spiritual Intelligence. Ranspersonal Studies 28: 68–85. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Koutsos, Peggy, Eleanor H. Wertheim, and Jenny Kornblum. 2008. Paths to Interpersonal Forgiveness: The Roles of Personality, Disposition to Forgive and Contextual Factors in Predicting Forgiveness. Personality and Individual Differences 44: 337–48. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lawler-Row, Kathleen A., and Rachel L. Piferi. 2006. The Forgiving Personality: Describing a Life Well Lived? Personality and Individual Differences 41: 1009–20. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Leach, Mark M., and Russell Lark. 2004. Does Spirituality Add to Personality in the Study of Trait Forgiveness? Personality and Individual Differences 37: 147–56. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lyons, Geoffrey C.B., Frank P. Deane, Peter Caputi, and Peter J. Kelly. 2011. Spirituality and the Treatment of Substance Use Disorders: An Exploration of Forgiveness, Resentment and Purpose in Life. Addiction Research & Theory 19: 459–69. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- MacDonald, Douglas A. 2000. Spirituality: Description, Measurement, and Relation to the Five Factor Model of Personality. Journal of Personality 68: 153–97. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mahasneh, Ahmad M., Nizar A. Shammout, Ziad M. Alkhazaleh, Ahmed F. Al-Alwan, and Jawhara D. Abu-Eita. 2015. The Relationship between Spiritual Intelligence and Personality Traits among Jordanian University Students. Psychology Research and Behavior Management 8: 89. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Maltby, John, Liza Day, and Louise Barber. 2004. Forgiveness and Mental Health Variables: Interpreting the Relationship Using an Adaptational-Continuum Model of Personality and Coping. Personality and Individual Differences 37: 1629–41. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Matuszewski, Krzysztof, and Marcin Moroń. 2022. The HEXACO Model of Personality, Religiosity, and Trait Forgiveness. Pastoral Psychology 71: 525–43. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- McCullough, Michael E., Frank D. Fincham, and Jo-Ann Tsang. 2003. Forgiveness, Forbearance, and Time: The Temporal Unfolding of Transgression-Related Interpersonal Motivations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 84: 540–57. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mróz, Justyna, and Kinga Kaleta. 2017. Cognitive and Emotional Predictors of Episodic and Dispositional Forgiveness. Polish Psychological Bulletin 48: 143–53. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mróz, Justyna, Kinga Kaleta, and Ewa Sołtys. 2022. Decision to Forgive Scale and Emotional Forgiveness Scale in a Polish Sample. Current Psychology: A Journal for Diverse Perspectives on Diverse Psychological Issues 41: 3443–51. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mróz, Justyna, Kinga Kaleta, and Katarzyna Skrzypińska. 2021. The Role of Spiritual Intelligence and Dispositional Forgiveness in Predicting Episodic Forgiveness. Journal of Beliefs & Values 42: 415–35. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Neto, Félix. 2007. Forgiveness, Personality and Gratitude. Personality and Individual Differences 43: 2313–23. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- O’Sullivan, Laura, and Nicole Lindsay. 2022. The Relationship between Spiritual Intelligence, Resilience, and Well-being in an Aotearoa New Zealand Sample. Journal of Spirituality in Mental Health, 1–21. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pant, Naveen, and Sunil K. Srivastava. 2019. The impact of spiritual intelligence, gender and educational background on mental health among college students. Journal of Religion and Health 58: 87–108. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Park, Crystal L. 2013. Religion and Meaning. In Handbook of the Psychology of Religion and Spirituality. Edited by Raymond F. Paloutzian and Crystal L. Park. New York: Guilford, pp. 295–314. [Google Scholar]
- Park, Crystal L., Haikel Lim, Max Newlon, D. P. Suresh, and Deborah E. Bliss. 2014. Dimensions of Religiousness and Spirituality as Predictors of Well-Being in Advanced Chronic Heart Failure Patients. Journal of Religion and Health 53: 579–90. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Piedmont, Ralph L. 1999. Does Spirituality Represent the Sixth Factor of Personality? Spiritual Transcendence and the Five-Factor Model. Journal of Personality 67: 985–1013. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Podsakoff, Philip M., Scott B. MacKenzie, Jeong-Yeon Lee, and Nathan P. Podsakoff. 2003. Common Method Biases in Behavioral Research: A Critical Review of the Literature and Recommended Remedies. Journal of Applied Psychology 88: 879–903. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Polemikou, Anna, Eirini Zartaloudi, and Nikitas Polemikos. 2019. Development of the Greek Version of the Spiritual Intelligence Self-Report Inventory-24 (KAPN): Factor Structure and Validation. Mental Health, Religion & Culture 22: 1033–47. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Riek, Blake M., and Eric W. Mania. 2012. The Antecedents and Consequences of Interpersonal Forgiveness: A Meta-analytic Review. Personal Relationships 19: 304–25. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rose, Eric D., and Julie J. Exline. 2012. Personality, Spirituality, and Religion. The Oxford Handbook of Psychology and Spirituality, 85–104. [Google Scholar]
- Ross, Scott R., Anna C. Kendall, Kasee G. Matters, Mark S. Rye, and Thomas A. Wrobel. 2004. A Personological Examination of Self- and Other-Forgiveness in the Five Factor Model. Journal of Personality Assessment 82: 207–14. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Safavi, Mahboobeh, SeyyedTaha Yahyavi, HamidehFatehi Narab, and Seyyed Hossein Yahyavi. 2018. Association between Spiritual Intelligence and Stress, Anxiety, and Depression Coping Styles in Patients with Cancer Receiving Chemotherapy in University Hospitals of Tehran University of Medical Science. Journal of Cancer Research and Therapeutics 15: 579–90. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Salmabadi, Mojtaba, Mohammad Reza Farshad, Hossein Salimi Bajestani, and Masoud Alikhani. 2016. Prediction of Job Stress Based on Spiritual Intelligence and Self-Differentiation. Health, Spirituality and Medical Ethics 2: 2–8. [Google Scholar]
- Sandage, Steven J., and Ian Williamson. 2010. Relational Spirituality and Dispositional Forgiveness: A Structural Equations Model. Journal of Psychology and Theology 38: 255–66. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Saroglou, Vassilis. 2002. Religion and the Five Factors of Personality: A Meta-Analytic Review. Personality and Individual Differences 32: 15–25. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Saucier, Gerard, and Katarzyna Skrzypińska. 2006. Spiritual But Not Religious? Evidence for Two Independent Dispositions. Journal of Personality 74: 1257–92. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sánchez-Álvarez, Nicolas, Natalio Extremera, and Pablo Fernández-Berrocal. 2016. The Relation between Emotional Intelligence and Subjective Well-being: A Meta-analytic Investigation. The Journal of Positive Psychology 11: 276–85. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Schnell, Tatjana. 2012. Spirituality with and without Religion—Differential Relationships with Personality. Archive for the Psychology of Religion 34: 33–61. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Skrzypińska, Katarzyna. 2014. The Threefold Nature of Spirituality (TNS) in a Psychological Cognitive Framework. Archive for the Psychology of Religion 36: 277–302. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Skrzypińska, Katarzyna. 2020. Does Spiritual Intelligence (Si) Exist? A Theoretical Investigation of a Tool Useful for Finding the Meaning of Life. Journal of Religion and Health 60: 500–16. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Skrzypińska, Katarzyna. 2022. I Believe, So I Am: Reflections on the Psychology of Spirituality. Leiden: Brill. [Google Scholar]
- Skrzypińska, Katarzyna, and Ilona Chudzik. 2017. Personality, Spirituality and Their Relation to Well-Being in Physicians of Various Specialties. Health Psychology Report 5: 205–18. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Skrzypińska, Katarzyna, and Karol Karasiewicz. 2013. Granice Duchowości—Perspektywa Druga—Kwestionariusz Sfery Duchowej. Roczniki Psychologiczne XVI: 485–509. [Google Scholar]
- Skrzypińska, Katarzyna, and Kevin Ladd. 2018. ‘Religion as a quest–Comparison between Americans and Poles’. In Psychologia kultury, kultura psychologii: Księga jubileuszowa profesor Haliny GrzymałaMoszczyńskiej [Psychology of culture, culture of psychology: Jubilee book of professor Halina Grzymała-Moszczyńska]. Edited by Adam Anczyk, Halina Grzymała-Moszczyńska and Agnieszka Krzysztof-Świderska. Katowice: Wydawnictwo Sacrum, pp. 215–26. [Google Scholar]
- Skrzypińska, Katarzyna, Aryeh Lazar, Kevin Ladd, Sarah Demmrich, Hasan Kaplan, and Zhuo Job Chen. 2019. The Threefold Nature of Spirituality (TNS) Model: The Relationship between Rational, Emotional and Spiritual Intelligences-Cross-Cultural Approach. In Psychology of Religion and Spirituality: New Trends and Neglected Themes, IAPR Conference, 31 August–3 September 2019, Gdansk. Regensburg: International Association Psychology of Religion (IAPR). [Google Scholar]
- Sliter, Michael, Yiwei Chen, Scott Withrow, and Katherine Sliter. 2013. Older and (Emotionally) Smarter? Emotional Intelligence as a Mediator in the Relationship between Age and Emotional Labor Strategies in Service Employees. Experimental Aging Research 39: 466–79. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Socha, Paweł M. 2014. Przemiana: W Stronę Teorii Duchowości. Kraków: Zakład Wydawniczy “Nomos”. [Google Scholar]
- Thompson, Laura Yamhure, C. R. Snyder, Lesa Hoffman, Scott T. Michael, Heather N. Rasmussen, Laura S. Billings, Laura Heinze, Jason E. Neufeld, Hal S. Shorey, Jessica C. Roberts, and et al. 2005. Dispositional Forgiveness of Self, Others, and Situations. Journal of Personality 73: 313–60. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Trigueros, Rubén, Ana M. Padilla, José M. Aguilar-Parra, Patricia Rocamora, María J. Morales-Gázquez, and Remedios López-Liria. 2020. The Influence of Emotional Intelligence on Resilience, Test Anxiety, Academic Stress and the Mediterranean Diet. A Study with University Students. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17: 2071. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wade, Nathaniel G., and Everett L. Worthington Jr. 2003. Overcoming Interpersonal Offenses: Is Forgiveness the Only Way to Deal with Unforgiveness? Journal of Counseling & Development 81: 343–53. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Walker, Christopher O. 2017. Exploring the Contributions of Grit and Personality in the Prediction of Self- and Other-Forgiveness. Journal of Individual Differences 38: 196–202. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Worthington, Everett L., and Michael Scherer. 2004. Forgiveness Is an Emotion-Focused Coping Strategy That Can Reduce Health Risks and Promote Health Resilience: Theory, Review, and Hypotheses. Psychology & Health 19: 385–405. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Worthington, Everett L., and Nathaniel G. Wade. 1999. The Psychology of Unforgiveness and Forgiveness and Implications for Clinical Practice. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology 18: 385–418. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Worthington, Everett L., Charlotte Witvliet, Pietro Pietrini, and Andrea Miller. 2007. Forgiveness, Health, and Well-Being: A Review of Evidence for Emotional versus Decisional Forgiveness, Dispositional Forgivingness, and Reduced Unforgiveness. Journal of Behavioral Medicine 30: 291–302. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Worthington, Everett L., Sandra Rueger, Edward Davis, and Jennifer Wortham. 2019. “Mere” Christian Forgiveness: An Ecumenical Christian Conceptualization of Forgiveness through the Lens of Stress-And-Coping Theory. Religions 10: 44. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zeidner, Moshe, Gerald Matthews, and Richard D. Roberts. 2006. ‘Emotional intelligence, coping, and adaptation’. In Emotional Intelligence in Everyday Life: A Scientific Inquiry, 2nd ed. Edited by Joseph Ciarrochi, Joseph Forgas and John D. Mayer. Philadelphia: Psychology Press, pp. 100–25. [Google Scholar]
- Zohar, Danah, and Ian Marshall. 2000. SQ: Connecting with Our Spiritual Intelligence. New York: Bloomsbury Publishing USA. [Google Scholar]
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Extraversion | - | ||||||||||||
2 | Agreeableness | 0.37 ** | - | |||||||||||
3 | Conscientiousness | 0.35 ** | 0.41 ** | - | ||||||||||
4 | Emotional Stability | 0.36 ** | 0.42 ** | 0.54 ** | - | |||||||||
5 | Intellect | 0.38 ** | 0.36 ** | 0.31 ** | 0.36 ** | - | ||||||||
6 | SISRI_CET | −0.01 | 0.01 | −0.03 | −0.06 | 0.24 ** | - | |||||||
7 | SISRI_PMP | 0.19 ** | 0.36 ** | 0.28 ** | 0.31 ** | 0.28 ** | 0.34 ** | - | ||||||
8 | SISRI_TA | 0.06 | 0.17 ** | 0.11 * | 0.00 | 0.31 ** | 0.67 ** | 0.53 ** | - | |||||
9 | SISRI_CSE | 0.13 ** | 0.14 ** | 0.18 ** | 0.21 ** | 0.31 ** | 0.52 ** | 0.53 ** | 0.56 ** | - | ||||
10 | EFS | −0.02 | 0.12 * | 0.07 | 0.12 * | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.15 ** | 0.07 | 0.05 | - | |||
11 | EFS_PP | −0.05 | 0.05 | 0.06 | 0.00 | −0.06 | 0.01 | 0.06 | 0.06 | 0.00 | 0.80 ** | - | ||
12 | EFS_RN | 0.06 | 0.15 ** | 0.06 | 0.19 ** | 0.10 * | 0.01 | 0.21 ** | 0.08 | 0.11 * | 0.72 ** | 0.16 ** | - | |
13 | DTFS | 0.00 | 0.12 * | 0.03 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.18 ** | 0.15 ** | 0.05 | 0.66 ** | 0.59 ** | 0.40 ** | - |
M | 26.54 | 32.56 | 28.04 | 24.87 | 27.02 | 19.18 | 16.90 | 21.20 | 12.70 | 22.52 | 11.00 | 11.52 | 16.87 | |
SD | 6.66 | 5.27 | 5.68 | 5.86 | 4.93 | 6.20 | 3.89 | 4.72 | 4.75 | 6.04 | 4.23 | 3.67 | 4.97 |
Model Pathways | Effect | SE | 95% CI | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Lower | Upper | |||
Agreeableness → SI → EF (total IE) | 0.04 | 0.02 | 0.012 | 0.092 |
Agreeableness → PMP → EF | 0.04 | 0.02 | 0.004 | 0.087 |
Agreeableness → CET → EF | 0.00 | 0.00 | −0.008 | −.014 |
Agreeableness → TA → EF | 0.00 | 0.01 | −0.009 | 0.029 |
Agreeableness → CES → EF | 0.00 | 0.01 | −0.021 | 0.015 |
Extraversion → SI → EF (total IE) | 0.03 | 0.01 | 0.004 | 0.062 |
Extraversion → PMP → EF | 0.03 | 0.01 | 0.005 | 0.060 |
Extraversion → CET → EF | 0.00 | 0.00 | −0.008 | 0.017 |
Extraversion → TA → EF | 0.00 | 0.00 | −0.008 | 0.015 |
Extraversion → CES → EF | 0.00 | 0.01 | −0.021 | 0.017 |
Conscientiousness → SI → EF (total IE) | 0.04 | 0.01 | 0.007 | 0.081 |
Conscientiousness → PMP → EF | 0.04 | 0.02 | 0.007 | 0.077 |
Conscientiousness → CET → EF | 0.00 | 0.00 | −0.007 | 0.025 |
Conscientiousness → TA → EF | 0.00 | 0.00 | −0.007 | 0.025 |
Conscientiousness → CES → EF | 0.00 | 0.01 | −0.032 | 0.020 |
Emotional Stability → SI → EF | 0.03 | 0.02 | −0.008 | 0.088 |
Emotional Stability → PMP → EF | 0.04 | 0.02 | 0.005 | 0.092 |
Emotional Stability → CET → EF | 0.00 | 0.00 | −0.011 | 0.015 |
Emotional Stability → TA → EF | 0.00 | 0.00 | −0.010 | 0.016 |
Emotional Stability → CES → EF | −0.01 | 0.01 | −0.046 | 0.024 |
Intellect → SI → EF (total IE) | 0.03 | 0.02 | −0.002 | 0.077 |
Intellect → PMP → EF | 0.04 | 0.01 | 0.010 | 0.079 |
Intellect → CET → EF | −0.01 | 0.01 | −0.062 | 0.011 |
Intellect → TA → EF | 0.01 | 0.02 | −0.022 | 0.068 |
Intellect → CES → EF | −0.00 | 0.02 | −0.047 | 0.034 |
Model Pathways | Effect | SE | 95% CI | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Lower | Upper | |||
Agreeableness → SI → DF (total IE) | 0.05 | 0.02 | 0.021 | 0.102 |
Agreeableness → PMP → DF | 0.04 | 0.02 | 0.002 | 0.090 |
Agreeableness → CET → DF | 0.00 | 0.00 | −0.008 | 0.018 |
Agreeableness → TA → DF | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.000 | 0.050 |
Agreeableness → CES → DF | −0.01 | 0.01 | −0.028 | 0.005 |
Extraversion → SI → DF (total IE) | 0.02 | 0.01 | −0.001 | 0.060 |
Extraversion → PMP → DF | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.004 | 0.058 |
Extraversion → CET → DF | 0.00 | 0.00 | −0.008 | 0.020 |
Extraversion → TA → DF | 0.00 | 0.01 | −0.015 | 0.031 |
Extraversion → CES → DF | −0.01 | 0.01 | −0.030 | 0.006 |
Conscientiousness → SI → DF (total IE) | 0.05 | 0.01 | 0.014 | 0.090 |
Conscientiousness → PMP → DF | 0.04 | 0.01 | 0.007 | 0.078 |
Conscientiousness → CET → DF | 0.00 | 0.00 | −0.008 | 0.023 |
Conscientiousness → TA → DF | 0.01 | 0.01 | −0.002 | 0.047 |
Conscientiousness → CES → DF | −0.01 | 0.01 | −0.040 | 0.009 |
Emotional Stability → SI → DF | 0.04 | 0.02 | −0.003 | 0.096 |
Emotional Stability → PMP → DF | 0.05 | 0.02 | 0.009 | 0.102 |
Emotional Stability → CET → DF | 0.00 | 0.00 | −0.011 | 0.022 |
Emotional Stability → TA → DF | 0.00 | 0.01 | −0.016 | 0.029 |
Emotional Stability → CES → DF | −0.01 | 0.01 | −0.054 | 0.013 |
Intellect → SI → DF (total IE) | 0.05 | 0.02 | 0.006 | 0.097 |
Intellect → PMP → DF | 0.04 | 0.01 | 0.009 | 0.080 |
Intellect → CET → DF | −0.02 | 0.01 | −0.067 | −0.001 |
Intellect → TA → DF | 0.05 | 0.02 | 0.014 | 0.110 |
Intellect → CES → DF | −0.02 | 0.01 | −0.060 | 0.018 |
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content. |
© 2023 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Mróz, J.; Kaleta, K.; Skrzypińska, K. Spiritual Intelligence as a Mediator between Personality and Emotional and Decisional Forgiveness in Polish Adults. Religions 2023, 14, 574. https://doi.org/10.3390/rel14050574
Mróz J, Kaleta K, Skrzypińska K. Spiritual Intelligence as a Mediator between Personality and Emotional and Decisional Forgiveness in Polish Adults. Religions. 2023; 14(5):574. https://doi.org/10.3390/rel14050574
Chicago/Turabian StyleMróz, Justyna, Kinga Kaleta, and Katarzyna Skrzypińska. 2023. "Spiritual Intelligence as a Mediator between Personality and Emotional and Decisional Forgiveness in Polish Adults" Religions 14, no. 5: 574. https://doi.org/10.3390/rel14050574