The Validity of Prayer Importance Scale (PIS)
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Method
- I persist in prayer even when I don’t see the results.
- Although other events force priority, I find time to pray.
- Even though I experience misfortune, I persist in prayer.
- I persist in prayer, even when God seems distant.
- Even though I am aware of the bad things I have done, I do not give up on praying.
- Daily prayer gives me strength to overcome difficulties.
2.1. Study 1
2.2. Study 2
3. Discussion
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Arli, Denni, and Andre Pekerti. 2017. Who is more ethical? Cross-cultural comparison of consumer ethics between religious and non-religious consumers. Journal of Consumer Behaviour 16: 82–98. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Baesler, James E. 2003. Theoretical Explorations and Empirical Investigations of Communication and Prayer. Lewiston: Edwin Mellen Press. [Google Scholar]
- Bänziger, Sarah, Marinus van Uden, and Jacques Janssen. 2008. Praying and coping: The relation between varieties of praying and religious coping styles. Mental Health, Religion and Culture 11: 101–18. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bartczuk, Rafał P., and Beata Zarzycka. 2020. Theory-Driven Measurement of the Content of Prayer: Polish Revision of S. Huber’s Content of Prayer Scale. Mental Health, Religion and Culture 23: 477–93. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Beach, Steven R., Frank D. Fincham, Tera R. Hurt, Lily. M. McNair, and Scott M. Stanley. 2008. Prayer and marital intervention: A conceptual framework. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology 27: 641–69. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Benson, Herbert, Jeffrey A. Dusek, Jane B. Sherwood, Peter Lam, Charles F. Bethea, William Carpenter, Sidney Levitsky, Peter C. Hill, Donald W. Clem Jr., Manoj K. Jain, and et al. 2006. Study of the Therapeutic Effects of Intercessory Prayer (STEP) in Cardiac Bypass Patients: A Multicenter Randomized Trial of Uncertainty and Certainty of Receiving Intercessory Prayer. American Heart Journal 151: 934–42. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Breslin, Michael J., and Christopher Alan Lewis. 2008. Theoretical Models of the Nature of Prayer and Health: A Review. Mental Health, Religion and Culture 11: 9–21. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Butler, Mark H., Julie A. Stout, and Brandt C. Gardner. 2002. Prayer as a Conflict Resolution Ritual: Clinical Implications of Religious Couples’ Report of Relationship Softening, Healing Perspective, and Change Responsibility. The American Journal of Family Therapy 30: 19–37. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chui, Wing Hong, and Kevin Kwok-yin Cheng. 2015. A Comparison of Attitudes Toward Prisoners of Religious and Non-Religious College Students in Hong Kong. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology 59: 1066–78. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Cornwall, Marie, Stan L. Albrecht, Perry H. Cunningham, and Brian L. Pitcher. 1986. The dimensions of religiosity: A conceptual model with an empirical test. Review of Religious Research 27: 226–44. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Dein, Simon, and Roland Littlewood. 2008. The Psychology of Prayer and the Development of the Prayer Experience Questionnaire. Mental Health, Religion and Culture 11: 39–52. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Finney, John R., and H. Newton Malony. 1985. Contemplative Prayer and Its Use in Psychotherapy: A Theoretical Model. Journal of Psychology and Theology 13: 172–81. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- GUS. 2018. Życie religijne w Polsce. Wyniki badania spójności społecznej 2018. [CSO. Religious Life in Poland. Results of the Social Cohesion Survey 2018]. Available online: https://stat.gov.pl/obszary-tematyczne/inne-opracowania/wyznania-religijne/zycie-religijne-w-polsce-wyniki-badania-spojnosci-spolecznej-2018,8,1.html (accessed on 27 October 2021).
- Harris, Sam, Jonas T. Kaplan, Ashley Curiel, Susan Y. Bookheimer, Marco Iacoboni, and Mark S. Cohen. 2009. The Neural Correlates of Religious and Nonreligious Belief. PLoS ONE 4: e7272. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Hood, Ralph W., Jr., Peter C. Hill, and Bernard Spilka. 2018. The Psychology of Religion: An Empirical Approach, 5th ed. New York and London: Guilford Press. [Google Scholar]
- Huber, Stefan, and Odilo W. Huber. 2012. The Centrality of Religiosity Scale (CRS). Religions 3: 710–24. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- James, William. 1902. The varieties of Religious Experience. New York: Longmans, Green & Co. [Google Scholar]
- Kostrubiec-Wojtachnio, Beata, and Małgorzata Tatala. 2014. Obraz Boga u młodzieży wyznania katolickiego. [Image of God in young catholics]. Psychologia Rozwojowa 19: 85–102. [Google Scholar]
- Krause, Neal. 2004. Assessing the Relationships Among Prayer Expectancies, Race, and Self-Esteem in Late Life. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 43: 395–408. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Krok, Dariusz. 2009. Religijność a jakośc życia w perspektywie mediatorów psychosopołecznych. [Religiosity and Quality of Life in the Perspective of Psychosocial Mediators]. Opole: Redakcja Wydawnictw Wydziału Teologicznego Uniwersytetu Opolskiego. [Google Scholar]
- Kulpaczyński, Stanisław, and Małgorzata Tatala. 2000. Zarys modelu wychowania do modlitwy w wybranych materiałach katechetycznych: (cz. I). [Outline of the model education to prayer in selected catechetical materials: (part 1)]. Seminare. Poszukiwania naukowe 16: 289–99. [Google Scholar]
- Ladd, Kevin L., and Daniel N. McIntosh. 2008. Meaning, god, and prayer: Physical and metaphysical aspects of social support. Mental Health, Religion and Culture 11: 23–38. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Ladd, Kevin L., and Bernard Spilka. 2002. Inward, Outward, and Upward: Cognitive Aspects of Prayer. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 41: 475–84. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lambert, Nathaniel M., Frank D. Fincham, Tyler F. Stillman, Steven M. Graham, and Steven R.H. Beach. 2010. Motivating Change in Relationships: Can Prayer Increase Forgiveness? Psychological Science 21: 126–32. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Levin, Jeffrey S. 1996. How prayer heals: A theoretical model. Alternative Therapies in Health and Medicine 2: 66–73. [Google Scholar]
- McCullough, Michael E., and David B. Larson. 1999. Religion and Depression: A Review of the Literature. Twin Research and Human Genetics 2: 126–36. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rydz, Elżbieta, Czesław Walesa, and Małgorzata Tatala. 2017. Structure and Level of Religiosity Test. Polish Psychological Bulletin 48: 20–27. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Sloan, Richard P., and Rajasekhar Ramakrishnan. 2006. Science, medicine, and intercessory prayer. Perspectives in Biology and Medicine 49: 504–14. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Tatala, Małgorzata. 2000. Rozwój uczuć religijnych dzieci przedszkolnych. [Development of Religious Feelings of Preschool Children]. Lublin: Redakcja Wydawnictw Katolickiego Uniwersytetu Lubelskiego. [Google Scholar]
- Tatala, Małgorzata. 2008. Odbiór symboli religijnych przez młodzież: Rozwojowe badania osób w wieku od 12 do 24 lat. [Pereception of Religious Symbols in Youth: Developmental Research of People Aged 12–24]. Lublin: Wydawnictwo KUL. [Google Scholar]
- Tatala, Małgorzata. 2009. Development of Prayer in Adolescence and Youth. Journal of Psychology and Counseling 1: 113–16. [Google Scholar]
- Tatala, Małgorzata, and Czesław Walesa. 2020. Confirmatory Factor Analysis of the Style of Religious Experience Scale. Mental Health, Religion and Culture 23: 507–16. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Walesa, Czesław. 2005. Rozwój religijności człowieka. Tom I: Dziecko. [Development of Religiosity. Volume I: Child]. Lublin: Wydawnictwo KUL. [Google Scholar]
- Walesa, Czesław, and Małgorzata Tatala. 2020. Rozwój religijności człowieka. Tom II: Młodzież. [Development of Religiosity. Volume II: Youth]. Lublin: Wydawnictwo KUL. [Google Scholar]
- Whittington, Brandon L., and Steven J. Scher. 2010. Prayer and Subjective Well-Being: An Examination of Six Different Types of Prayer. International Journal for the Psychology of Religion 20: 59–68. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zarzycka, Beata, Rafał P. Bartczuk, and Radosław Rybarski. 2020. Centrality of Religiosity Scale in Polish Research: A Curvilinear Mechanism that Explains the Categories of Centrality of Religiosity. Religions 11: 64. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
Items | M | Me | SD |
---|---|---|---|
I persist in prayer even when I don’t see the results. | 5.00 | 5.00 | 0.00 |
Although other events force priority, I find time to pray. | 4.50 | 5.00 | 0.84 |
Prayer helps me to stay with God in times of doubt about the purpose of life. | 3.67 | 4.00 | 0.52 |
I trust God even though things don’t always go my way. | 3.00 | 3.00 | 0.63 |
Prayer helps me make sense of the suffering and hardships I experience. | 3.83 | 4.50 | 10.60 |
Prayer brings me peace and hope in difficult moments of my life. | 3.33 | 3.00 | 0.52 |
Even though I experience misfortune, I persist in prayer. | 4.67 | 5.00 | 0.52 |
I persist in prayer, even when God seems distant. | 4.33 | 4.00 | 0.52 |
I persist in prayer, even when I run out of words. | 3.83 | 4.00 | 0.75 |
Even though I am aware of the bad things I have done, I do not give up on praying. | 4.33 | 4.00 | 0.52 |
Daily prayer gives me strength to overcome difficulties. | 4.33 | 4.50 | 0.82 |
Chi-Square | df | p | Pcmin/df | CFI | RMSEA | LO90 | HI 90 | PCLOSE |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
260.43 | 9 | 0.002 | 20.94 | 0.977 | 0.091 | 0.052 | 0.132 | 0.044 |
PIS | Awareness | Feelings | Decisions | Bond | Practices | Morality | Experiences | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Awareness | 0.445 ** | |||||||
Feelings | 0.519 ** | 0.681 ** | ||||||
Decisions | 0.317 ** | 0.412 ** | 0.458 ** | |||||
Bond | 0.391 ** | 0.423 ** | 0.407 ** | 0.361 ** | ||||
Practices | 0.283 ** | 0.410 ** | 0.398 ** | 0.373 ** | 0.387 ** | |||
Morality | 0.384 ** | 0.595 ** | 0.512 ** | 0.392 ** | 0.428 ** | 0.649 ** | ||
Experiences | 0.458 ** | 0.571 ** | 0.513 ** | 0.362 ** | 0.370 ** | 0.556 ** | 0.690 ** | |
Forms | 0.258 ** | 0.389 ** | 0.309 ** | 0.378 ** | 0.327 ** | 0.313 ** | 0.372 ** | 0.354 ** |
Chi-Square | df | p | Pcmin/df | CFI | RMSEA | LO90 | HI 90 | PCLOSE |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
60.807 | 9 | 0.657 | 0.756 | 1 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.062 | 0.897 |
PIS | Awareness | Feelings | Decisions | Bond | Practices | Morality | Experience | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Awareness | 0.283 ** | |||||||
Feelings | 0.339 ** | 0.562 ** | ||||||
Decisions | 0.266 ** | 0.322 ** | 0.444 ** | |||||
Bond | 0.352 ** | 0.435 ** | 0.330 ** | 0.465 ** | ||||
Practices | 0.405 ** | 0.503 ** | 0.468 ** | 0.371 ** | 0.438 ** | |||
Morality | 0.318 ** | 0.520 ** | 0.431 ** | 0.436 ** | 0.480 ** | 0.636 ** | ||
Experience | 0.368 ** | 0.547 ** | 0.501 ** | 0.463 ** | 0.454 ** | 0.660 ** | 0.638 ** | |
Forms | 0.344 ** | 0.324 ** | 0.448 ** | 0.506 ** | 0.576 ** | 0.431 ** | 0.460 ** | 0.373 ** |
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. |
© 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Tatala, M.; Wojtasiński, M. The Validity of Prayer Importance Scale (PIS). Religions 2021, 12, 1032. https://doi.org/10.3390/rel12111032
Tatala M, Wojtasiński M. The Validity of Prayer Importance Scale (PIS). Religions. 2021; 12(11):1032. https://doi.org/10.3390/rel12111032
Chicago/Turabian StyleTatala, Małgorzata, and Marcin Wojtasiński. 2021. "The Validity of Prayer Importance Scale (PIS)" Religions 12, no. 11: 1032. https://doi.org/10.3390/rel12111032
APA StyleTatala, M., & Wojtasiński, M. (2021). The Validity of Prayer Importance Scale (PIS). Religions, 12(11), 1032. https://doi.org/10.3390/rel12111032