Multidimensionality of Spirituality: A Qualitative Study among Secular Individuals
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. First Model: Huber’s Centrality of Religiosity—Applicable to Spirituality?
1.2. Second Model: Bucher’s Three-Dimensional Model of Spirituality
- connectedness to transcendence (vertical dimension; subdimensions: to a higher spiritual being/God),
- connectedness to immanence (horizontal dimension; subdimensions: to the universe, nature, social environment, greater whole), and
- connectedness to self (depth dimension; subdimensions: connectedness to self, body).
2. Study Aims
- Do the six dimensions of religiosity—public and private practice, intellect, experience, ethics, and ideology—cover the utterances and the personal significance of spirituality in individuals’ lives?
- Can these six dimensions of religiosity and/or their subdimensions be extended by inductions from the empirical material?Analogously, we raise the following research questions regarding Bucher’s model:
- Do the three dimensions of spirituality by Bucher—vertical, horizontal, and depth dimension—cover the utterances and the personal significance of spirituality in individuals’ lives?
- Can these three dimensions of spirituality and/or their subdimensions be extended by inductions from the empirical material?
3. Method
3.1. Procedure and Sample
- religiosity (religious socialization; religious education of own children; exchange of religious ideas with others/partner; Is there anything religious in your life? What do you think about prayer? Do you make use of religious offers?);
- spirituality (Is there anything spiritual in your life? What do you think about meditation?; Do you feel connected to a greater whole? alternative healing); and
- meaning of life (Do you find meaning in your life? Did you ever experience a meaning crisis? Have you experienced any significant life changes during the last five years?).
3.2. Data Analysis
- frequency analysis (“to count certain elements in the material and compare them in their frequency with the occurrence of other elements”, (Mayring 2014, p. 22));
- valence analysis (“procedures which accord a value to certain textual components on an assessment scale of two or more gradations”, ibid., p. 26); and
- contingency analysis (to examine whether particular categories occur with particular frequency in the same context with the target to “extract from the material a structure of text elements associated with one another”, ibid., p. 27).
- A code of one of the six dimensions by Huber is applied; if not applicable, a new dimension should be formed; the numbers of the given codes are counted and compared with each other (frequency analysis);
- Every code derived from Huber is given a code of the individual importance/salience (not important–ambivalent–important: valence analysis, related to the six dimensions: contingency analysis);
- A code of one of the three dimensions by Bucher is applied; if not applicable, a new dimension should be formed; the numbers of the given codes are counted and compared with each other (frequency analysis);
- In order to compare both tested models, we examine whether dimensions of Huber and the dimensions of Bucher are contingent—i.e., whether they are connected with each other (contingency analysis).
4. Results
4.1. Testing Huber’s Model: Frequency Analysis
- all other five dimensions (belief in private practice such as meditation; belief in public practice such as religious service; attitude towards intellectual approaches such as formal education; attitude towards ethics; the desire for experience, see Appendix A);
- all big world religions (Christianity, Buddhism, Hinduism, Islam, Judaism, religions in general);
- central topoi (meaning of life, life after death, destiny, higher spiritual being, human being/teleology, society, natural environment, religioid ideologies such as esotericism).
4.2. Testing Huber’s Model: Valence and Contingency Analysis
4.3. Testing Bucher’s Model: Frequency and Contingency Analysis
5. Discussion
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Category | Definition/Coding Rule Is Coded When the Participant Expresses… | Anchor Examples |
---|---|---|
Dimensions of religiosity * | ||
Public practice | a religious/spiritual practice in public space (observable from outside). Is not coded if the practice takes place with or without others in private (then: private practice): Is not coded when person reports attitude towards a public practice (then: ideology). If participant also reports a religious/spiritual experience, then experience is coded, too. | “every day we had these spiritual sessions with lying down and visualizing in another world, focusing on kidney functions, listening to heart sounds”; “in common prayers: It makes me very quickly very uncomfortable” |
Private practice | a religious/spiritual practice in private space (not observable from outside). Is not coded if the practice takes place with or without others in public (then: public practice); is not coded when person reports attitude towards a private practice (then: ideology). If participant also reports a religious/spiritual experience, then experience is coded, too. | “well, daily prayer or something like that is unnatural to me now, what I would not do it now on my own”; “That I do that, say, with mindfulness. That is a certain kind of meditation” |
Intellect | processes or results of intellectual activities that are related to religion/spirituality. It is not coded when the belief in these results is emphasized (then: ideology). Is not coded if participant reports an attitude towards an intellectual approach (then: ideology). | “Then the Jehovah’s Witnesses come by regularly. I always discuss with them a bit”; “I read esoteric books”; “Churches were for me the most beautiful monuments in a city. That’s why I like to go in there. You visit churches, that’s part of the cultural program” |
Experience | a religious/spiritual experience. Is not coded when participants desires such an experience (then: ideology). | “That was probably the moment when I stayed on the brakes. And then a bearded African came out of the bush […] and said ‘God has saved you’”; “I actually experience deep meaning in crises. Something is happening there, where you can go beyond” |
Ethics | religious/spiritual values that are important in his/her life. Is not coded when participants report an attitude towards a value (then: ideology). | “I think I can love my neighbor even if I’m not religious. I will not take that away from me”; “With a lot of respect for the animals […] They apologize to every animal they kill, and treat them with love. […] I just buy meat from a good livestock farm” |
Ideology | an attitude towards, (un)belief in, or pattern of plausibility related to a religious/spiritual issue. | “I think there’s something higher that people have grasped”; “And that’s why I believe that religion is a big problem. And I am hostile to religion”; “as soon as I scratch something, something happens. Action reaction. And that is not for nothing, that does not come out of nothing. That somehow needs a reason” |
Importance * | ||
no/low | that the previously reported dimension is not important/salient to the individual, and/or is rejected by the participant, and/or participant was forced to it. | “Because it’s just very attached to Buddhism and then that didn’t fit to me again”; “We had the death of my mother. I do not think she is in heaven now”; “No, it was never prayed. Nothing like that” |
medium | that the previously reported dimension is of medium or ambivalent important/salience, and/or is extrinsically motivated; and/or does not trigger behavior outside the religious/spiritual frame, and/or was important in the past but is currently not important anymore. | “It’s just these things where you go when someone invites you. But I do not do it on my own.”; “I have been to India twice and maybe you meet a special person who somehow sets you in motion. And you think, yes, somehow. It’s probably not black and white”; “We got married in the church. Simply because it is so customary” |
high | that the previously reported dimension is highly important/salient to the individual, and/or is intrinsically motivated; and/or triggers behavior outside the religious/spiritual frame. | “We’re actually talking about religion a lot”; “After all, meditation would be that you are actually careful in everyday life”; “That’s also what I’m interested in and that’s where my projects are” |
Dimensions of spirituality ** | ||
Vertical connectedness | ||
to higher spiritual being/God | that the previously reported dimension is connected to God, the divine, or another higher spiritual being. | “I have handed it over, given to the Lord God, prayed about it, and now I can still enjoy every day”; “I say there must be a higher force somewhere, but for me that is not a cloud with the old man with a white beard” |
to immaterial sphere (generic) | that the previously reported dimension is connected to an immanent sphere, such as the afterlife, saints, transempirical relations (paranormal, esoteric, alternative healing); is not coded when a higher spiritual being is emphasized (then: connectedness to higher spiritual being) | “So when it comes to pendulum dowsing it’s just that way, you have to have a question. […] And the pendulum then gives me the answer”; “I also made a lot of laying on of hands with me”; “I look at the calendar, then it was exactly two years after this event. And there I was shocked. That’s when I started shaking” |
Horizontal connectedness | ||
to universe | that the previously reported dimension is connected to the universe or outer space; is not coded, when nature in general is emphasized (then: connectedness to nature). | “When I’m in the dark […] and see the stars, you get into such a state. […] That’s my spirituality”; “it’s not enough for me to just sense and recognize my connection and interconnectedness with the universe if I do not become active in it” |
to nature | that the previously reported dimension is connected to nature: Is not coded, when universe is emphasized (then: connectedness to universe); is not coded, when living entities in general are emphasized (then: connectedness to all living beings). | “nature most likely. I am very fond of nature. That’s a bit of my spirituality”; “Then you can have that feeling too. In great nature. In that sense you can say that it is a spiritual experience”; “a morning walk, in the morning at six in a snowy forest, then suddenly the sun comes through the branches, then that’s another moment, which I call spiritual” |
to other humans | that the previously reported dimension is connected to fellow human beings that is beyond utilitarianism (e.g., trust, love your neighbor, responsibility, against social conventions, define own identity via other humans, give meaning of life). Is not coded, when nature in general is emphasized (then: connectedness to nature); is not coded when it is connected to decedents (then: connectedness to decedent) or to humanity as a whole (then: connectedness to living entities). | “On our last trip to India, suddenly there were all these many people. I was overwhelmed, or. And we all belong together”; “just my husband, that you can feel so connected to a human that you can have someone who can be so close to you and where you can go together like this” |
to a greater whole | that the previously reported dimension is connected to a general greater whole/an all-embracing entity; is not coded, when universe, nature, or other humans are explicitly emphasized (then: connectedness to universe, nature, or other humans); is not coded when higher spiritual being is emphasized (then: connectedness to higher spiritual being/God) | “Simply connectedness with the greater whole of which we are part”; “Tears came to my eyes: For a brief moment, I realized that we are part of somehow a whole” |
to all living entities (generic) | that the previously reported dimensions is connected to all living entities, such as humanity, fauna, flora, and/or the planet; is not coded when only the universe, the nature, other humans, or an unspecific greater whole is emphasized (then: connectedness to universe/nature/other humans/greater whole). | “It’s very important, for example, to realize that every dachshund on the street is just as happy as I am. And also has the right to be happy”; “Whether tree or horse, ultimately it is the life that is in all of us. It connects us and at the same time it demands a responsible and sustainable coexistence” |
to decedents (generic) | that the previously reported dimension is connected to deceased fellow humans; is not coded when a connection to a saint is expressed (then: connectedness with immaterial sphere). | “I do not have to go to church. I possess what I have in my heart. I think about my father, my mother, almost every day”; “I’m quite honest now: when I’m alone, I often talk to my deceased parents” |
Depth dimension of connectedness | ||
to self | that the previously reported dimension is connected to the own self/soul/inner entity and/or expresses self-actualization or self-transcendence. Is not coded when a bodily connectedness is emphasized (then: connectedness to body). | “I believe that every person has […] something divine inside [...] And I want that for me, that I can find a way, that I can be like that, that I am at one with myself”; “For me, [Buddhism] is […] centered on one’s own person, when it comes to personal enlightenment. So, on the one hand, it is the responsibility of the individual to work on oneself and find one’s own way” |
to body | that the previously reported dimension is connected to the own body; is not coded when a more non-physical connection to the own self is emphasized (then: connectedness to self). | “I feel what I have to eat, my body tells me, I’m in an exchange with my body”; “Then hiking, fasting, taking nature in […] I could feel my heart. I felt a warmth in my body. [Spirituality] takes place very much between my spirit [..] and my organs” |
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1 | |
2 | see http://p3.snf.ch/Project-156241 [26/08/2019]. |
Dimensions and Subdimensions | k | % |
---|---|---|
Public practice | 190 | 11.69 |
rites of passage | 77 | 4.74 |
religious service | 61 | 3.75 |
holiday celebrations | 18 | 1.11 |
meditation | 10 | 0.61 |
others | 24 | 1.48 |
Private practice | 156 | 9.60 |
prayer | 51 | 3.14 |
alternative healing practices | 48 | 2.95 |
meditation | 23 | 1.42 |
others | 34 | 2.09 |
Intellect | 315 | 19.38 |
discussions with others | 91 | 5.60 |
reading/TV | 44 | 2.71 |
unspecific interest in religion | 34 | 2.09 |
formal education | 33 | 2.03 |
questioning the meaning of life | 31 | 1.91 |
reflexivity | 22 | 1.35 |
tourism, visiting sacral places | 20 | 1.23 |
theodicy | 18 | 1.11 |
others | 22 | 1.35 |
Experience | 127 | 7.82 |
Ethics | 80 | 4.92 |
love your neighbor | 40 | 2.46 |
tolerance and sympathy | 11 | 0.68 |
sustainability towards nature | 9 | 0.55 |
truthfulness/honesty | 6 | 0.37 |
others | 14 | 0.86 |
Ideology | 757 | 46.58 |
Christianity | 166 | 10.21 |
higher spiritual being/God | 75 | 4.62 |
private practice | 71 | 4.37 |
meaning of life | 58 | 3.57 |
public practice | 58 | 3.57 |
Buddhism | 49 | 3.01 |
human being/teleology | 46 | 2.83 |
intellect (information channel) | 38 | 2.34 |
others | 196 | 12.06 |
total | 1625 | 100.00 |
Dimensions and Subdimensions | k | % |
---|---|---|
Vertical connectedness | 401 | 24.68 |
to higher spiritual being/God | 232 | 14.28 |
to immaterial sphere (generic) | 169 | 10.40 |
Horizontal connectedness | 269 | 16.55 |
to other humans | 131 | 8.06 |
to all living entities (generic) | 54 | 3.32 |
to decedents (generic) | 34 | 2.09 |
to nature | 23 | 1.42 |
to a greater whole | 18 | 1.11 |
to universe | 9 | 0.55 |
Depth dimension of connectedness | 110 | 6.77 |
to self | 91 | 5.60 |
to body | 19 | 1.17 |
Total | 780 | 48.00 |
Dimension | Religious/Spiritual Code | Implicit/Explicit Religion/Spirituality | Importance | Absolute Number of Given Codes | % of Codes Covered by Bucher | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Within the Importance Category | Within the Implicit/Explicit Category | Within the Religious/Spiritual Category | Within the Dimension | |||||
Public Practice (k = 190) | Religious (k = 176) | Implicit (k = 9) | No/low | 0 | - | 22.22 | 16.48 | 22.63 |
Medium | 5 | 20.00 | ||||||
High | 4 | 25.00 | ||||||
Explicit (k = 167) | No/low | 49 | 8.16 | 16.46 | ||||
Medium | 82 | 6.10 | ||||||
High | 34 | 52.94 | ||||||
Spiritual (k = 14) | Implicit (k = 5) | No/low | 1 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | ||
Medium | 1 | 100.00 | ||||||
High | 3 | 100.00 | ||||||
Explicit (k = 9) | No/low | 1 | 100.00 | 100.00 | ||||
Medium | 0 | - | ||||||
High | 8 | 100.00 | ||||||
Private practice (k = 156) | Religious (k = 79) | Implicit (k = 0) | No/low | 0 | - | - | 81.01 | 85.26 |
Medium | 0 | - | ||||||
High | 0 | - | ||||||
Explicit (k = 79) | No/low | 26 | 84.82 | 81.01 | ||||
Medium | 19 | 94.74 | ||||||
High | 34 | 70.59 | ||||||
Spiritual (k = 77) | Implicit (k = 32) | No/low | 11 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 89.61 | ||
Medium | 19 | 100.00 | ||||||
High | 24 | 100.00 | ||||||
Explicit (k = 39) | No/low | 6 | 33.33 | 65.22 | ||||
Medium | 6 | 66.67 | ||||||
High | 11 | 81.82 | ||||||
Intellect (k = 315) | Religious (k = 282) | Implicit (k = 2) | No/low | 0 | - | 50.00 | 16.31 | 23.49 |
Medium | 2 | 50.00 | ||||||
High | 0 | - | ||||||
Explicit (k = 280) | No/low | 42 | 7.14 | 44.64 | ||||
Medium | 119 | 10.08 | ||||||
High | 118 | 25.42 | ||||||
Spiritual (k = 33) | Implicit (k = 19) | No/low | 1 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 84.85 | ||
Medium | 3 | 100.00 | ||||||
High | 15 | 100.00 | ||||||
Explicit (k = 14) | No/low | 1 | 0 | 64.29 | ||||
Medium | 7 | 42.86 | ||||||
High | 6 | 100.00 | ||||||
Experience (k = 127) | Religious (k = 56) | Implicit (k = 1) | No/low | 0 | - | 0.00 | 92.86 | 96.86 |
Medium | 1 | 0.00 | ||||||
High | 0 | - | ||||||
Explicit (k = 55) | No/low | 6 | 83.33 | 94.55 | ||||
Medium | 5 | 80.00 | ||||||
High | 44 | 97.73 | ||||||
Spiritual (k = 71) | Implicit (k = 32) | No/low | 2 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | ||
Medium | 4 | 100.00 | ||||||
High | 26 | 100.00 | ||||||
Explicit (k = 39) | No/low | 7 | 100.00 | 100.00 | ||||
Medium | 7 | 100.00 | ||||||
High | 25 | 100.00 | ||||||
Ethics (k = 80) | Religious (k = 59) | Implicit (k = 3) | No/low | 0 | - | 100.00 | 50.00 | 61.25 |
Medium | 0 | - | ||||||
High | 3 | 100.00 | ||||||
Explicit (k = 56) | No/low | 1 | 0.00 | 44.64 | ||||
Medium | 10 | 20.00 | ||||||
High | 45 | 51.11 | ||||||
Spiritual (k = 21) | Implicit (k = 18) | No/low | 0 | - | 100.00 | 100.00 | ||
Medium | 0 | - | ||||||
High | 18 | 100.00 | ||||||
Explicit (k = 3) | No/low | 0 | - | 100.00 | ||||
Medium | 0 | - | ||||||
High | 3 | 100.00 | ||||||
Ideology (k = 757) | Religious (k = 606) | Implicit (k = 12) | No/low | 2 | 50.00 | 66.67 | 37.79 | 48.22 |
Medium | 1 | 100.00 | ||||||
High | 9 | 66.67 | ||||||
Explicit (k = 594) | No/low | 298 | 25.50 | 44.64 | ||||
Medium | 142 | 41.55 | ||||||
High | 153 | 56.21 | ||||||
Spiritual (k = 151) | Implicit (k = 90) | No/low | 13 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 90.07 | ||
Medium | 12 | 100.00 | ||||||
High | 65 | 100.00 | ||||||
Explicit (k = 61) | No/low | 19 | 57.89 | 75.41 | ||||
Medium | 18 | 66.67 | ||||||
High | 24 | 95.83 |
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Demmrich, S.; Huber, S. Multidimensionality of Spirituality: A Qualitative Study among Secular Individuals. Religions 2019, 10, 613. https://doi.org/10.3390/rel10110613
Demmrich S, Huber S. Multidimensionality of Spirituality: A Qualitative Study among Secular Individuals. Religions. 2019; 10(11):613. https://doi.org/10.3390/rel10110613
Chicago/Turabian StyleDemmrich, Sarah, and Stefan Huber. 2019. "Multidimensionality of Spirituality: A Qualitative Study among Secular Individuals" Religions 10, no. 11: 613. https://doi.org/10.3390/rel10110613