Implementation of a Far-Field Water Quality Model for the Simulation of Trace Elements in an Eastern Mediterranean Coastal Embayment Receiving High Anthropogenic Pressure
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area and Target Compounds
2.2. Model Description and Implementation
2.2.1. Software
2.2.2. Domain and Simulation Period
2.2.3. Modeling Approach
2.2.4. Hydrodynamic Circulation (Delft3D-FLOW)
2.2.5. Process Description and Parameterization (Delft3D-WAQ)
2.2.6. Trace Element Loads
2.2.7. Trace Element Partitioning
- : the partition coefficient of a trace element (mg kg−1/mg L−1);
- : the concentration of a trace element in suspended solids (mg kg−1);
- : the concentration of a trace element in water (mg L−1);
- : the particulate concentration of a trace element (mg L−1);
- : the dissolved concentration of a trace element (mg L−1);
- : the concentration of suspended solids (mgSS L−1).
2.2.8. Trace Element Settling
- Cx: the concentration of a carrier substance (gDM m−3 or gC m−3);
- Fset0: the zero-order settling flux of a carrier substance (gDM m−2 d−1 or gC m−2 d−1);
- s: the settling velocity of a carrier substance (m d−1);
- Δt: the timestep in DELWAQ (d).
- τ: the shear stress (Pa);
- τc: the critical shear stress for the settling of a carrier substance (Pa).
2.2.9. Initial Conditions and Open Boundaries
2.3. Validation Data and Statistics
- : each observation (concentration, field monitoring value);
- : modeled concentration;
- : the number observations/modeled concentrations;
- : the standard deviation of observations;
- : the mean of observations.
3. Results
3.1. Model Evaluation
3.1.1. Numerical Error Assessment
3.1.2. Statistical Analysis
3.2. Spatial Seasonal Distribution of Trace Elements
3.3. Vertical Distribution
3.4. Partitioning
3.5. Sedimentation
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Group 1 | Substance (Variable) 1 | Processes |
---|---|---|
Dissolved Inorganic Matter | Ammonium (NH4) | Uptake of nutrients by growth of phytoplankton, release, nitrification of ammonium, denitrification in water column |
Nitrate (NO3) | ||
Ortho-Phosphate (PO4) | ||
Dissolved Silicon (Si) | ||
Organic Matter | Particulate Organic Carbon (POC) | Release, sedimentation of POC, mineralization detritus POC, mineralization DOC |
Dissolved Organic Carbon (DOC) | ||
Dissolved Organic Nitrogen (DON) | ||
Dissolved Organic Phosphorus (DOP) | ||
Phytoplankton | Diatoms | Net primary production and mortality, limitation, sedimentation |
Non-Diatoms |
Name of Discharge | Type | Flow [m3 s−1] | Cadmium [g m−3] | Copper [g m−3] | Nickel [g m−3] | Lead [g m−3] | Zinc [g m−3] | Pollution Data Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Kifisos | River | varying 1 | 0.00013 | 0.01 | 0.005 | 0.002 | 0.03 | 7 |
Sarantapotamos | Stream | varying 2 | 0.00013 | 0.01 | 0.005 | 0.002 | 0.03 | 8 |
Mandra | Stream | varying 2 | 0.00013 | 0.01 | 0.005 | 0.002 | 0.03 | 8 |
Psittalia | WWTP | 7.75 3 | 0.00034 | 0.026 | 0.021 | 0.013 | 0.27 | 9 |
Thriassion | WWTP | 0.07 3 | 0.00034 | 0.026 | 0.021 | 0.013 | 0.27 | 9 |
Oil ref. Aspropyrgos | Oil Refinery | 0.06 4 | 0.05 | 1.5 | 1.5 | 0.2 | 1.5 | 10 |
Oil ref. Elefsina | Oil Refinery | 0.13 4 | 0.05 | 1.5 | 1.5 | 0.2 | 1.5 | 10 |
Oil ref. Corinthos | Oil Refinery | 0.45 5 | 0.05 | 1.5 | 1.5 | 0.2 | 1.5 | 10 |
Perama Shipyard | Shipyard | 1.00 6 | 0 | 0.459 | 0 | 0.0597 | 0.459 | 6 |
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Mazioti, A.A.; Kolovoyiannis, V.; Krasakopoulou, E.; Tragou, E.; Zervakis, V.; Assimakopoulou, G.; Athiniotis, A.; Paraskevopoulou, V.; Pavlidou, A.; Zeri, C. Implementation of a Far-Field Water Quality Model for the Simulation of Trace Elements in an Eastern Mediterranean Coastal Embayment Receiving High Anthropogenic Pressure. J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2024, 12, 797. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse12050797
Mazioti AA, Kolovoyiannis V, Krasakopoulou E, Tragou E, Zervakis V, Assimakopoulou G, Athiniotis A, Paraskevopoulou V, Pavlidou A, Zeri C. Implementation of a Far-Field Water Quality Model for the Simulation of Trace Elements in an Eastern Mediterranean Coastal Embayment Receiving High Anthropogenic Pressure. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering. 2024; 12(5):797. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse12050797
Chicago/Turabian StyleMazioti, Aikaterini Anna, Vassilis Kolovoyiannis, Evangelia Krasakopoulou, Elina Tragou, Vassilis Zervakis, Georgia Assimakopoulou, Alexandros Athiniotis, Vasiliki Paraskevopoulou, Alexandra Pavlidou, and Christina Zeri. 2024. "Implementation of a Far-Field Water Quality Model for the Simulation of Trace Elements in an Eastern Mediterranean Coastal Embayment Receiving High Anthropogenic Pressure" Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 12, no. 5: 797. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse12050797
APA StyleMazioti, A. A., Kolovoyiannis, V., Krasakopoulou, E., Tragou, E., Zervakis, V., Assimakopoulou, G., Athiniotis, A., Paraskevopoulou, V., Pavlidou, A., & Zeri, C. (2024). Implementation of a Far-Field Water Quality Model for the Simulation of Trace Elements in an Eastern Mediterranean Coastal Embayment Receiving High Anthropogenic Pressure. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, 12(5), 797. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse12050797