Environmental Assessment with Cage Exposure in the Neva Estuary, Baltic Sea: Metal Bioaccumulation and Physiologic Activity of Bivalve Molluscs
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Sampling Design
2.3. Biotesting
2.4. Chemical Analyses
2.5. Bioaccumulation Factor
2.6. Mollusc Physiological State
2.7. Statistics
3. Results
3.1. Physical and Chemical Parameters of Sediment Statistics
3.2. Metal and PAHs Concentrations in Biota and Sediments
3.3. Physiological State of Molluscs
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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No. | Name | Method | Latitude Longitude | H | Sal | TP | THC | Corg | 16PAHs | Ma | Surv | State |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Zimino | Caged molluscs Sediment, Fish | 60.6348 28.6620 | 4 | 1.7 | 25 | 0.016 | 0.3 | 64 | <0.1 | 90 | GES |
2 | Primorsk | Caged molluscs Sediment, Macroalgae | 60.3605 28.6097 | 6 | 2.7 | 34 | 0.02 | 0.5 | 595 | 87 (10) | 60 | Sub-GES |
3 | Okunevaya | Sediment, Fish | 60.2352 28.9913 | 4 | 2.5 | 25 | 0.008 | 0.45 | 49 | <0.1 | 90 | GES |
4 | Flotsky | Sediment, Fish, Macroalgae | 60.1613 29.1563 | 1 | 1.2 | 25 | 0.012 | 0.5 | 91 | 97 (31) | 90 | GES |
5 | Serovo | Sediment, Field molluscs, Macroalgae | 60.196 29.567 | 1 | 0.8 | 27 | 0.01 | 0.8 | 57 | 35 (52) | 80 | GES |
6 | Dubki | Caged molluscs, Sediment, Fish | 60.0896 29.9195 | 2 | 0.3 | 50 | 0.011 | 0.8 | 49 | 47 (33) | 95 | GES |
7 | Petergof WPT | Sediment, Field molluscs, Macroalgae | 59.8888 29.9033 | 1 | 0.2 | 43 | 0.009 | 0.9 | 250 | 19 (55) | 65 | Sub-GES |
8 | Lomonosov beach | Sediment, Field molluscs, Macroalgae | 59.9193 29.7796 | 1 | 0.4 | 47 | 0.01 | 0.8 | 65 | 15 (40) | 70 | Sub-GES |
9 | Dam, Port | Caged molluscs, Sediment | 59.9812 29.6922 | 5.5 | 0.67 | 25 | 0.024 | 0.96 | 1033 | 10 (30) | 60 | Sub-GES |
10 | Grafskaya | Caged molluscs, Sediment, Macroalgae | 59.9858 29.2014 | 3 | 2.6 | 48 | 0.023 | 0.45 | 725 | 80 (17) | 20 | BES |
11 | River Sista mouth | Caged molluscs, Sediment, Macroalgae | 59.8092 28.9104 | 2 | 3.2 | 30 | 0.032 | 0.59 | 314 | 17 (30) | 80 | GES |
12 | Luga Bay | Sediment, Macroalgae | 59.8309 28.4969 | 1 | 3.8 | 25 | 0.008 | 0.29 | <16 | 67 (32) | 90 | GES |
Metal Metalloid | St 1 | St 2 | St 3 | St 4 | St 5 | St 6 | St 7 | St 8 | St 9 | St 10 | St 11 | St 12 | MAC |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sediment | |||||||||||||
Cd | 1.6 | 0.38 | 0.12 | 0.18 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.39 | 0.42 | 0.39 | 0.16 | <0.05 | 0.24 | 1 |
Pb | 42 | 13 | 2.9 | 7.9 | 11 | 5 | 2.2 | 7.8 | 8.7 | 4.2 | 1.5 | 1.7 | 10 |
Zn | 250 | 33 | 16 | 24 | 26 | 26 | 20 | 33 | 34 | 10 | 7.7 | 4.2 | 199 |
Cu | 46 | 7.1 | 1.6 | 4.4 | 6.7 | 5.1 | 20 | 12 | 10 | 1.3 | 1.4 | 0.84 | 50 |
Hg | 0.005 | 0.032 | 0.17 | 0.022 | 0.005 | 0.005 | 0.09 | 0.08 | 0.032 | 0.005 | 0.005 | 0.005 | 0.05 |
As | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.20 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.38 | 0.5 |
Molluscs | |||||||||||||
Cd | 4.7 | 2.7 | - | 0.4 | 2.6 | 2.2 | 2.1 | 2 | 0.8 | 1.8 | 1.9 | 2.1 | 5.00 |
Pb | 0.92 | 0.68 | - | 1.2 | 6.9 | 0.68 | 2.5 | 1.7 | 1.1 | 0.1 | 3.1 | 1.7 | 7.50 |
Zn | 150 | 108 | - | 14.8 | 47 | 116 | 200 | 170 | 25 | 5 | 23 | 21 | 170 |
Cu | 5.3 | 5.2 | - | 3 | 10.2 | 3.4 | 20 | 6.9 | 1.6 | 0.56 | 8.8 | 2.8 | 50 |
Hg | 0.001 | 0.001 | - | 0.05 | 0.1 | 0.14 | 0.06 | 0.04 | 0.05 | 0.04 | 0.06 | 0.001 | 0.1 |
Macroalgae | |||||||||||||
Cd | - | 3.6 | - | 0.4 | 2.6 | 4.9 | 0.18 | 5.6 | 3.5 | 1.3 | 1.4 | 1.6 | 5.00 |
Pb | - | 10 | - | 1.02 | 6.9 | 3.2 | <0.1 | 1.0 | 22 | 5.9 | 2.1 | 1.1 | 7.50 |
Zn | - | 45 | - | 12.8 | 47 | 27 | 7.9 | 16 | 40 | 28 | 23 | 11.1 | 170 |
Cu | - | 11 | - | 3 | 10.2 | 5.6 | 0.37 | 3.9 | 8.7 | 7.9 | 5.8 | 3.8 | 50 |
Fish | |||||||||||||
Cd | 10 | 11 | 21 | 4 | 5.2 | - | 0.11 | 0.18 | - | - | - | - | 5.00 |
Pb | 0.17 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.8 | 0.95 | - | 0.1 | 0.1 | - | - | - | - | 7.50 |
Zn | 73 | 41 | 44 | 108 | 112 | - | 5 | 7.9 | - | - | - | - | 170 |
Cu | 0.8 | 0.6 | 1 | 5 | 4.4 | - | 0.37 | 0.37 | - | - | - | - | 50 |
Hg | 0.14 | 0.25 | 0.21 | 0.22 | 0.24 | - | 0.21 | 0.05 | - | - | - | - | 0.1 |
Metals | Cd | Pb | Zn | Cu | Hg |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Macroalgae | |||||
Mean | 25.5 | 24.2 | 3.1 | 3.8 | - |
Standard Error | 7.6 | 8.5 | 0.8 | 1.6 | - |
Median | 18.5 | 14.0 | 1.8 | 1.4 | - |
Standard Deviation | 26.4 | 29.4 | 2.9 | 5.4 | - |
Minimum | 0.5 | 0.2 | 0.4 | 0.0 | - |
Maximum | 100.0 | 100.0 | 9.1 | 15.6 | - |
95% Confidence Level | 16.8 | 18.7 | 1.8 | 3.4 | - |
Unionid molluscs | |||||
Mean | 24.2 | 0.9 | 5.5 | 2.7 | 9.2 |
Standard Error | 8.5 | 0.4 | 1.4 | 1.1 | 3.5 |
Median | 14.0 | 0.3 | 5.3 | 1.2 | 2.2 |
Standard Deviation | 29.4 | 1.3 | 4.8 | 3.9 | 12.1 |
Minimum | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.8 | 0.2 | 0.1 |
Maximum | 100.0 | 3.5 | 17.2 | 11.5 | 35.0 |
95% Confidence Level | 18.7 | 0.8 | 3.1 | 2.5 | 7.7 |
Variable | Factor 1 | Factor 2 | Factor 3 |
---|---|---|---|
H | −0.24 | −0.57 | 0.1 |
Sal | −0.61 | −0.18 | 0.58 |
TP | 0.05 | 0.25 | −0.59 |
THC | −0.6 | −0.44 | −0.32 |
Corg | 0.25 | 0.41 | −0.73 |
16PAHs | −0.58 | −0.32 | −0.47 |
Ma | −0.59 | 0.02 | −0.05 |
Surv | 0.49 | 0.15 | 0.54 |
S_Cd | −0.3 | 0.02 | −0.06 |
S_Pb | 0.46 | −0.84 | 0.12 |
S_Zn | 0.53 | −0.81 | 0.16 |
S_Cu | 0.69 | −0.69 | −0.09 |
S_Hg | 0.36 | 0.44 | 0.31 |
S_As | −0.11 | 0.16 | 0.31 |
U_Cd | 0.23 | 0.24 | 0.72 |
U_Pb | 0.24 | 0.35 | −0.17 |
U_Zn | 0.78 | −0.1 | −0.35 |
U_Cu | 0.52 | 0.22 | −0.52 |
U_Hg | 0.21 | 0.64 | 0.31 |
Caged Unionid Molluscs | |||||||
PAH | St 1 | St 2 | St 6 | St 9 | St 10 | St 11 | Ref. |
Benzo-a-pyrene | <0.5 | <0.5 | <0.5 | <0.5 | <0.5 | <0.5 | <0.5 |
Benzo-a-anthracene | <1 | <1 | <1 | <1 | <1 | <1 | <1 |
Benz-β-fluorantene | <2 | <2 | <2 | 36 | 5.8 | 39 | <2 |
Benz-k-fluorantene | <0.5 | 1 | 1.2 | 5.7 | 10 | 1.4 | <0.5 |
Benz(-g, h, i-)perylene | <0.5 | <0.5 | <0.5 | 6.2 | <0.5 | 2.8 | <0.5 |
Dibenz[a,h]anthracene | <1 | <1 | <1 | <1 | <1 | <1 | <1 |
Indeno (1,2,3-cd) pyrene | <2 | <2 | <2 | <2 | <2 | <2 | <2 |
Pyrene | <2 | <2 | <2 | <2 | <2 | <2 | <2 |
Chrysene | <2 | <2 | <2 | <2 | <2 | <2 | <2 |
Field Fish and Molluscs | |||||||
Site | St 3 | St 4 | St 5 | St 6 | St 7 | St 8 | Ref. |
Benzo-a-pyrene | <0.5 | <0.5 | <0.5 | <0.5 | <0.5 | 0.62 | <0.5 |
Benzo-a-anthracene | <1 | <1 | <1 | <1 | <1 | <1 | <1 |
Benz-β-fluorantene | <2 | 1.5 | <2 | <2 | <2 | 38 | <2 |
Benz-k-fluorantene | <0.5 | <0.5 | <0.5 | <0.5 | <0.5 | 10 | <0.5 |
Benz(-g, h, i-)perylene | <0.5 | <0.5 | <0.5 | <0.5 | <0.5 | <0.5 | <0.5 |
Dibenz[a,h]anthracene | <1 | <1 | <1 | <1 | <1 | <1 | <1 |
Indeno (1,2,3-cd) pyrene | <2 | <2 | <2 | <2 | <2 | <2 | <2 |
Pyrene | <2 | <2 | <2 | <2 | <2 | <2 | <2 |
Chrysene | <2 | <2 | <2 | <2 | <2 | <2 | <2 |
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Berezina, N.; Maximov, A.; Sharov, A.; Gubelit, Y.; Kholodkevich, S. Environmental Assessment with Cage Exposure in the Neva Estuary, Baltic Sea: Metal Bioaccumulation and Physiologic Activity of Bivalve Molluscs. J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2023, 11, 1756. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse11091756
Berezina N, Maximov A, Sharov A, Gubelit Y, Kholodkevich S. Environmental Assessment with Cage Exposure in the Neva Estuary, Baltic Sea: Metal Bioaccumulation and Physiologic Activity of Bivalve Molluscs. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering. 2023; 11(9):1756. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse11091756
Chicago/Turabian StyleBerezina, Nadezhda, Alexey Maximov, Andrey Sharov, Yulia Gubelit, and Sergei Kholodkevich. 2023. "Environmental Assessment with Cage Exposure in the Neva Estuary, Baltic Sea: Metal Bioaccumulation and Physiologic Activity of Bivalve Molluscs" Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 11, no. 9: 1756. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse11091756