Impact of Spatial Segmentation on the Assessment of Coastal Vulnerability—Insights and Practical Recommendations
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Research Methodology
2.2.1. Vulnerability Framework
- The geomorphology (a) was subdivided into three distinct parameters: seabed sediment thickness, beach sediment, and distance from major faults, coded as P1, P2, and P3, respectively.
- The coastal slope (c) was subdivided into two parameters: land slope and marine slope, coded as P5 and P6, respectively.
- The mean wave height (e) was modified to incorporate the mean significant wave height, represented by the parameter P10. This parameter provides an indication of the mean annual wave conditions within the study area. Additionally, the extreme wave height was accounted for and coded as P11. Both parameters fall under the category of wave characteristics.
- The sea level variations (f) were subdivided into two parameters: mean range of astronomical tide (P8) and storm surge (P9).
2.2.2. Spatial Segmentation Approaches
- Dividing each coastal area into 25 m segments
- Dividing each coastal area into 50 m segments
- Dividing each coastal area into 100 m segments
- Dividing each coastal area into 200 m segments
- Dividing each coastal area into sub-areas based on significant and noticeable variations observed along the coastal area (e.g., presence of human activities and morphological features, a process typically undertaken in coastal engineering studies, leading to division into independent littoral cells) (Figure 3).
2.2.3. Estimation of Vulnerability Parameters
Parameter | Method | Current Vulnerability | Future Vulnerability | Change between the Coastal Areas |
---|---|---|---|---|
P1: Seabed sediment thickness | Digitization/rasterization of the results of [38] with GIS tools | ● | ● | |
P2: Beach sediment | In situ inspections conducted by the research team members, including visual inspection and evaluation, as well as collection of sample materials for further assessment | ● | ● | |
P3: Distance from major faults | Open-data sources (https://zenodo.org/record/4897894 (accessed on 28 April 2023)) and GIS tools | ● | ● | |
P4: Shoreline evolution | Use of DSAS methodology [39] by analyzing aerial imagery acquired by both the Hellenic Military Geographical Service (HMGS) for three different years, 1945, 1969, and 1992, and the UAV flights conducted in the year 2021. | ● | ● | |
P5: Land slope | Generation of DEMs by the orthophotos provided by the Hellenic Cadastre. | ● | ● | |
P6: Marine slope | Digitization of the bathymetrical data acquired by the database “Corine Land Cover (CLC)-Copernicus Land Monitoring Service” (https://land.copernicus.eu/ (accessed on 28 April 2023)). | ● | ● | |
P7: Sea level rise due to climate change | Use of the metocean database Copernicus Climate Data Store (https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/) by using the product: “Water level change time series for the European coast from 1977 to 2100 derived from climate projections” (https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/cdsapp#!/dataset/sis-water-level-change-timeseries (accessed on 24 April 2023)). | - | ● | - |
P8: Mean range of the astronomical tide | Use of data from the sea level recorder (tide gauge) at the Port of Posidonia acquired by the Hellenic Navy Hydrographic Service (HNHS) | - | - | - |
P9: Storm surge | Calculation based on the formulation of [40] | ● | ● | |
P10: Significant wave height | Extraction at a nearshore depth of 10 m utilizing wind measurements from HNMS (http://www.emy.gr/emy/en/index_html? (accessed on 6 April 2023)) and performing numerical modeling of wave propagation | ● | ● | |
P11: Extreme significant wave height | Extraction at a nearshore depth of 10 m utilizing wind data with a 50-year return period [41] and performing numerical modeling of wave propagation. | ● | ● | |
P12: Cross-shore profile erosion | Based on the formulation of [42] | ● | ● | |
P13: Beach width | Photointerpretation of the orthophotos | ● | ● | |
P14: Distance from vegetation | Photointerpretation of the orthophotos | ● | ● |
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Overview of Obtained Vulnerability Parameters
3.2. Comparative Analysis of the CVI Values for the Different Segmentation Approaches
3.3. Dependency of Vulnerability Parameters on the Spatial Segmentation Length
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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No. | Area | Coastline Length (km) | Coordinates (Greek Geodetic Reference System ‘87) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Xstart | Ystart | Xend | Yend | |||
1 | Sarantis Beach | 0.95 | 402326.71 | 4232300.36 | 403191.77 | 4232230.19 |
2 | Agios Nikolaos | 0.95 | 414343.93 | 4229713.78 | 414771.27 | 4228987.44 |
3 | Aliki | 1.88 | 416021.01 | 4228236.71 | 416391.63 | 4226897.95 |
4 | Livadostra Beach | 0.68 | 421858.52 | 4228822.67 | 422558.56 | 4228608.21 |
5 | Kalamaki | 0.30 | 423067.67 | 4228238.64 | 423207.57 | 4227997.23 |
6 | Agios Vasilios | 0.43 | 424768.13 | 4226240.16 | 424695.80 | 4225888.08 |
No. | Area | Infrastructure | Main Wave Direction | Identified Threats |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Sarantis Beach | Fishing and leisure harbor | S-SW | Beach erosion and unbound pavement partial failure (Figure 2a) |
2 | Agios Nikolaos | Fishing and leisure harbor | S-SW | Erosion possibly occurring via reflection phenomena due to the construction of a vertical retaining wall of the pedestrian pavement and road (Figure 2b) |
3 | Aliki | Fishing and leisure harbor | W | Beach erosion and asphalt pavement partial failure. Expansion of food service establishments onshore along a large part of the beach limiting the beach width (Figure 2c) |
4 | Livadostra Beach | Absent | S-SW-SE | Absence of Stravopotamos River outfall works (Figure 2d) |
5 | Kalamaki | Absent | S-SW | Partial failure of the retaining wall of the unbound pavement (Figure 2e) |
6 | Agios Vasilios | Fishing and leisure harbor | SW | Significant scouring and subsequent partial collapse of the vertical waterfront wall (Figure 2f) |
No. | Parameter | Units | Description |
---|---|---|---|
P1 | Seabed sediment thickness | m | The degree of erodibility of the soil formations considering the geological substratum of the coastal areas |
P2 | Beach sediment | - | The different types of sediment depending on the resistance of the coastal landforms to erosion, i.e., erodibility |
P3 | Distance from major faults | m | The proximity to major faults in case of an earthquake incident that may have adverse impacts |
P4 | Shoreline evolution | m/yr | The hazard of erosion in a coastal area |
P5 | Land slope | % | The coastal land morphology |
P6 | Marine slope | % | The coastal marine morphology |
P7 | Sea level rise due to climate change | m | The coastal inundation due to the impacts of climate change and sea level increase |
P8 | Mean range of the astronomical tide | cm | The sea level trend due to astronomical phenomena |
P9 | Storm surge | cm | The local sea level rise due to extreme weather events |
P10 | Significant wave height | m | The significant wave height representing the mean wave conditions in the study area |
P11 | Extreme significant wave height | m | The wave height generated from extreme wind speeds potentially leading to coastal flooding and intense erosion phenomena |
P12 | Cross-shore profile erosion | m | The risk of shoreline retreat due to the combined occurrence of extreme waves and sea level rise in the case of extreme weather events |
P13 | Beach width | m | The free width between the coastline and the physical (e.g., vegetation, presence of rocks, etc.) or man-made obstacles (e.g., coastal road, vertical waterfront, housing, etc.) |
P14 | Distance from vegetation | m | The proximity to vegetation increasing the risk of altering the natural landscape |
Parameters | Vulnerability Score | Percentage along the Coastal Area (%) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sarantis Beach | Agios Nikolaos | Aliki | Livadostra Beach | Kalamaki | Agios Vasilios | ||
P1: Seabed sediment thickness | 1 | 100 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 100 | |
3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
4 | 0 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 0 | |
5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
P2: Beach sediment | 1 | 13 | 0 | 11 | 0 | 0 | 18 |
2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 6 | |
3 | 63 | 100 | 36 | 100 | 100 | 76 | |
4 | 24 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
5 | 0 | 0 | 53 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
P3: Distance from major faults | 1 | 100 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
2 | 0 | 69 | 24 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
3 | 0 | 21 | 37 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
4 | 0 | 5 | 39 | 0 | 0 | 76 | |
5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 100 | 24 | |
P4: Shoreline evolution | 1 | 63 | 21 | 36 | 48 | 34 | 18 |
2 | 8 | 42 | 12 | 0 | 8 | 0 | |
3 | 8 | 32 | 11 | 11 | 25 | 0 | |
4 | 10 | 5 | 22 | 8 | 33 | 12 | |
5 | 11 | 0 | 19 | 33 | 0 | 70 | |
P5: Land slope | 1 | 21 | 3 | 25 | 15 | 33 | 18 |
2 | 21 | 3 | 12 | 11 | 59 | 29 | |
3 | 26 | 0 | 23 | 18 | 0 | 23 | |
4 | 21 | 18 | 23 | 19 | 0 | 18 | |
5 | 11 | 76 | 17 | 37 | 8 | 12 | |
P6: Marine slope | 1 | 82 | 0 | 0 | 22 | 25 | 6 |
2 | 18 | 8 | 8 | 26 | 17 | 94 | |
3 | 0 | 24 | 28 | 45 | 58 | 0 | |
4 | 0 | 16 | 35 | 7 | 0 | 0 | |
5 | 0 | 52 | 29 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
P9: Storm surge | 1 | 100 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
2 | 0 | 0 | 17 | 0 | 100 | 100 | |
3 | 0 | 0 | 54 | 100 | 0 | 0 | |
4 | 0 | 89 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
5 | 0 | 11 | 29 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
P10: Significant wave height | 1 | 32 | 0 | 27 | 0 | 0 | 53 |
2 | 39 | 0 | 31 | 0 | 0 | 47 | |
3 | 29 | 0 | 16 | 74 | 8 | 0 | |
4 | 0 | 74 | 5 | 26 | 92 | 0 | |
5 | 0 | 26 | 21 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
P11: Extr. signif. wave height | 1 | 3 | 0 | 54 | 0 | 0 | 29 |
2 | 8 | 34 | 17 | 0 | 67 | 59 | |
3 | 10 | 66 | 4 | 11 | 25 | 12 | |
4 | 8 | 0 | 25 | 59 | 8 | 0 | |
5 | 71 | 0 | 0 | 30 | 0 | 0 | |
P12: Cross-shore prof. erosion | 1 | 42 | 0 | 54 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
2 | 50 | 0 | 17 | 0 | 0 | 6 | |
3 | 8 | 0 | 4 | 11 | 17 | 82 | |
4 | 0 | 8 | 25 | 59 | 83 | 12 | |
5 | 0 | 92 | 0 | 30 | 0 | 0 | |
P13: Beach width | 1 | 8 | 29 | 15 | 59 | 59 | 29 |
2 | 16 | 47 | 29 | 22 | 33 | 47 | |
3 | 39 | 19 | 16 | 11 | 8 | 12 | |
4 | 26 | 5 | 23 | 4 | 0 | 6 | |
5 | 11 | 0 | 17 | 4 | 0 | 6 | |
P14: Distance from vegetation | 1 | 0 | 13 | 40 | 8 | 0 | 0 |
2 | 8 | 37 | 21 | 59 | 0 | 24 | |
3 | 13 | 16 | 11 | 15 | 58 | 35 | |
4 | 34 | 24 | 19 | 7 | 42 | 29 | |
5 | 45 | 10 | 9 | 11 | 0 | 12 | |
Coastal Vulnerability Index | 1 | 82 | 0 | 7 | 0 | 0 | 18 |
2 | 18 | 0 | 23 | 22 | 33 | 76 | |
3 | 0 | 24 | 29 | 44 | 50 | 6 | |
4 | 0 | 26 | 29 | 15 | 17 | 0 | |
5 | 0 | 50 | 12 | 19 | 0 | 0 |
Parameters | Units | Statistics | 25-m | 50-m | 100-m | 200-m | Sub-Areas |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
P3: Distance from major faults | m | μx | 7125.87 | 7118.93 | 7119.78 | 7119.75 | 7120.71 |
σχ | 148.35 | 151.26 | 151.37 | 146.44 | 85.82 | ||
CV | 2.08 | 2.12 | 2.13 | 2.06 | 1.21 | ||
SR | −44.38 | −43.55 | −43.62 | −45.46 | −80.46 | ||
P11: Ext. signif. wave height | m | μx | 1.98 | 1.96 | 1.93 | 2.02 | 2.05 |
σχ | 0.48 | 0.49 | 0.49 | 0.45 | 0.28 | ||
CV | 24.19 | 25.13 | 25.41 | 22.16 | 13.75 | ||
SR | −0.65 | −0.60 | −0.97 | −1.67 | −5.05 |
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Tsaimou, C.N.; Papadimitriou, A.; Chalastani, V.Ι.; Sartampakos, P.; Chondros, M.; Tsoukala, V.K. Impact of Spatial Segmentation on the Assessment of Coastal Vulnerability—Insights and Practical Recommendations. J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2023, 11, 1675. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse11091675
Tsaimou CN, Papadimitriou A, Chalastani VΙ, Sartampakos P, Chondros M, Tsoukala VK. Impact of Spatial Segmentation on the Assessment of Coastal Vulnerability—Insights and Practical Recommendations. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering. 2023; 11(9):1675. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse11091675
Chicago/Turabian StyleTsaimou, Christina N., Andreas Papadimitriou, Vasiliki Ι. Chalastani, Panagiotis Sartampakos, Michalis Chondros, and Vasiliki K. Tsoukala. 2023. "Impact of Spatial Segmentation on the Assessment of Coastal Vulnerability—Insights and Practical Recommendations" Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 11, no. 9: 1675. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse11091675
APA StyleTsaimou, C. N., Papadimitriou, A., Chalastani, V. Ι., Sartampakos, P., Chondros, M., & Tsoukala, V. K. (2023). Impact of Spatial Segmentation on the Assessment of Coastal Vulnerability—Insights and Practical Recommendations. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, 11(9), 1675. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse11091675