Assessing the Fishing Impact on the Marine Ecosystem of Guishan Island in the Northeastern Waters of Taiwan Using Ecopath and Ecosim
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Data Source
2.2. Ecopath Model Structure
2.3. Estimation of Trophic Levels
2.4. Mixed Trophic Impact (MTI)
2.5. Keystone Species Identification
2.6. Simulations of Management Measures and Fishing Pressures Using Ecosim
2.7. Model Construction
2.7.1. Cetaceans
2.7.2. Small Skates and Rays
2.7.3. Small Sharks
2.7.4. Dolphinfish
2.7.5. Scombrids
2.7.6. Shrimps
2.7.7. Lobsters and Crabs
2.7.8. Oil Fish/Escolar
2.7.9. Mackerels
2.7.10. Carangids
2.7.11. Pomfret
2.7.12. Sciaenids
2.7.13. Cephalopods
2.7.14. Flatfishes
2.7.15. Sparids
2.7.16. Clupeids
2.7.17. Congers
2.7.18. Hairtail
2.7.19. Blackbelly Triggerfish
2.7.20. Anchovy
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Trophic Position
3.2. Biomass Estimate
3.3. Fishing Mortality, Exploitation Rate, and Predation Mortality
3.4. Trophic Impact and Keystone Species
3.5. Primary Production Required for Fisheries
3.6. Simulations with Reduction of Fishing Effort
3.7. Model Uncertainty
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Species/Functional Group | TP | Biomass | Production | Consumption | EE |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cetaceans | 4.59 | 0.00 | 0.32 | 18.37 | 0.03 |
Small skate and ray | 3.73 | 0.03 | 0.50 | 2.50 | 0.67 |
Small shark | 3.75 | 0.04 | 0.45 | 2.25 | 0.58 |
Dolphinfish | 4.00 | 0.01 | 1.68 | 8.48 | 0.85 |
Scombrids | 3.74 | 0.01 | 3.37 | 32.57 | 0.99 |
Shrimps | 2.28 | 3.94 | 10.00 | 40.00 | 0.99 |
Lobster and crab | 3.53 | 0.13 | 1.09 | 6.54 | 0.70 |
Oil fish/escolar | 3.98 | 0.00 | 2.00 | 10.00 | 0.90 |
Mackerels | 3.97 | 0.01 | 0.80 | 4.00 | 0.90 |
Carangids | 3.78 | 0.02 | 1.79 | 7.14 | 0.95 |
Pomfret | 3.66 | 0.06 | 0.57 | 2.85 | 0.95 |
Sciaenids | 3.63 | 0.02 | 1.50 | 7.50 | 0.95 |
Cephalopod | 3.27 | 0.11 | 2.50 | 25.00 | 0.99 |
Flatfishes | 3.40 | 0.00 | 2.50 | 10.00 | 0.95 |
Sparids | 3.35 | 0.06 | 0.80 | 4.00 | 0.95 |
Clupeids | 2.94 | 5.11 | 2.00 | 10.00 | 0.99 |
Congers | 4.05 | 0.02 | 1.00 | 5.00 | 0.85 |
Hairtail | 4.04 | 0.01 | 2.50 | 12.00 | 0.95 |
Blackbelly triggerfish | 3.47 | 0.02 | 2.50 | 12.00 | 0.95 |
Anchovy | 3.06 | 3.46 | 3.00 | 15.00 | 0.99 |
Other pelagic fish | 3.37 | 4.49 | 2.50 | 12.00 | 0.95 |
Other demersal fish | 3.13 | 0.54 | 2.00 | 10.00 | 0.95 |
Demersal benthivores | 2.47 | 2.64 | 2.00 | 10.00 | 0.95 |
Shellfish | 2.06 | 2.52 | 3.00 | 15.00 | 0.95 |
Zooplankton | 2.10 | 4.55 | 50.00 | 200.00 | 0.95 |
Photoplankton | 1.00 | 4.74 | 400.00 | 0.00 | 0.50 |
Seaweed | 1.00 | 0.84 | 100.00 | 0.00 | 0.50 |
Detritus | 1.00 | 5.00 | 0.02 |
Species/Functional Group | Mortality | Fishing Mortality | Predation Mortality | Other Mortality | Exploitation Rate |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cetaceans | 0.320 | 0.010 | 0.000 | 0.310 | 0.031 |
Small skate and ray | 0.500 | 0.308 | 0.027 | 0.165 | 0.617 |
Small shark | 0.450 | 0.261 | 0.000 | 0.189 | 0.580 |
Dolphinfish | 1.681 | 0.411 | 1.018 | 0.252 | 0.245 |
Scombrids | 3.370 | 1.347 | 1.989 | 0.034 | 0.400 |
Shrimps | 10.000 | 1.002 | 8.898 | 0.100 | 0.100 |
Lobster and crab | 1.090 | 0.172 | 0.591 | 0.327 | 0.158 |
Oil fish/escolar | 2.000 | 0.535 | 1.265 | 0.200 | 0.267 |
Mackerels | 0.800 | 0.458 | 0.262 | 0.080 | 0.573 |
Carangids | 1.790 | 0.922 | 0.779 | 0.090 | 0.515 |
Pomfret | 0.570 | 0.333 | 0.208 | 0.029 | 0.585 |
Sciaenids | 1.500 | 0.796 | 0.629 | 0.075 | 0.531 |
Cephalopod | 2.500 | 1.076 | 1.399 | 0.025 | 0.430 |
Flatfishes | 2.500 | 1.433 | 0.942 | 0.125 | 0.573 |
Sparids | 0.800 | 0.388 | 0.372 | 0.040 | 0.485 |
Clupeids | 2.000 | 0.767 | 1.213 | 0.020 | 0.384 |
Congers | 1.000 | 0.304 | 0.546 | 0.150 | 0.304 |
Hairtail | 2.500 | 1.640 | 0.735 | 0.125 | 0.656 |
Blackbelly triggerfish | 2.500 | 0.722 | 1.653 | 0.125 | 0.289 |
Anchovy | 3.000 | 0.886 | 2.084 | 0.030 | 0.295 |
Other pelagic fish | 2.500 | 0.732 | 1.643 | 0.125 | 0.293 |
Other demersal fish | 2.000 | 1.073 | 0.827 | 0.100 | 0.537 |
Demersal benthivores | 2.000 | 0.189 | 1.711 | 0.100 | 0.095 |
Shellfish | 3.000 | 0.703 | 2.147 | 0.150 | 0.234 |
Impacting/Impacted | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Small skate and ray | 0.03 | ||||||||||||
2 | Dolphinfish | 1.02 | ||||||||||||
3 | Scombrids | 1.03 | 0.52 | |||||||||||
4 | Shrimps | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0 | 0.01 | 0.92 | 0 | 0 | 0.01 | 0.07 | ||||
5 | Lobster and crab | 0.13 | 0.14 | 0.13 | 0.01 | |||||||||
6 | Oil fish/escolar | 1.27 | ||||||||||||
7 | Mackerels | 0.26 | ||||||||||||
8 | Carangids | 0.04 | 0.11 | 0 | 0.03 | 0.08 | ||||||||
9 | Pomfret | 0.01 | 0.03 | 0 | 0.01 | 0.02 | ||||||||
10 | Sciaenids | 0.03 | 0.09 | 0 | 0.03 | 0.06 | ||||||||
11 | Cephalopod | 0.16 | 0.07 | 0.08 | 0.17 | 0.37 | 0.01 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.01 | 0.01 | |||
12 | Flatfishes | 0.04 | ||||||||||||
13 | Sparids | 0.01 | 0.03 | 0 | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.26 | |||||||
14 | Clupeids | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.01 | ||||||
15 | Congers | 0.55 | ||||||||||||
16 | Hairtail | 0.29 | 0.29 | 0 | 0.05 | |||||||||
17 | Blackbelly triggerfish | 0.15 | 0.23 | 0.03 | 0.25 | |||||||||
18 | Anchovy | 0 | 0 | 0.01 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.02 | |||||
19 | Other pelagic fish | 0 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.04 | |||||
20 | Other demersal fish | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0 | 0.38 | 0 | 0.06 | 0.05 | ||||||
21 | Demersal benthivores | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0 | 0.16 | 0 | 0.03 | 0.02 | 0.11 | |||||
22 | Shellfish | 0 | 0 | 0.08 | 0 | 0.01 | 0.01 | |||||||
23 | Zooplankton | 0 | 0.01 | 7.96 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.44 | |||||
24 | Photoplankton | 19.08 | 0 | |||||||||||
25 | Seaweed | 32.21 | ||||||||||||
Impacting/Impacted | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | ||
1 | Small skate and ray | |||||||||||||
2 | Dolphinfish | |||||||||||||
3 | Scombrids | 0.44 | ||||||||||||
4 | Shrimps | 0 | 0.01 | 1.69 | 0 | 0 | 0.01 | 2.96 | 1.56 | 0.17 | 0.99 | 0.48 | ||
5 | Lobster and crab | 0.01 | 0.17 | 0.01 | ||||||||||
6 | Oil fish/escolar | |||||||||||||
7 | Mackerels | |||||||||||||
8 | Carangids | 0.07 | 0.45 | |||||||||||
9 | Pomfret | 0.02 | 0.12 | |||||||||||
10 | Sciaenids | 0.06 | 0.36 | |||||||||||
11 | Cephalopod | 0.12 | 0.19 | |||||||||||
12 | Flatfishes | 0.1 | 0.8 | |||||||||||
13 | Sparids | 0.02 | 0.02 | |||||||||||
14 | Clupeids | 0 | 1.2 | |||||||||||
15 | Congers | |||||||||||||
16 | Hairtail | 0.1 | ||||||||||||
17 | Blackbelly triggerfish | |||||||||||||
18 | Anchovy | 0.19 | 0 | 0 | 0.01 | 1.77 | 0.08 | |||||||
19 | Other pelagic fish | 0.15 | 0 | 0 | 0.01 | 1.36 | 0.06 | |||||||
20 | Other demersal fish | 0 | 0 | 0.07 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.2 | |||||||
21 | Demersal benthivores | 0 | 0.02 | 0 | 0 | 0.01 | 0.62 | 0.74 | ||||||
22 | Shellfish | 0 | 0.04 | 0 | 0 | 0.03 | 0.43 | 1.54 | ||||||
23 | Zooplankton | 0.01 | 7.31 | 0 | 0.01 | 8.04 | 5.39 | 0.06 | 0.09 | 18.18 | ||||
24 | Photoplankton | 2.1 | 0.78 | 0.52 | 3.19 | 174 | ||||||||
25 | Seaweed | 2.91 | 0.97 | 0.46 | 13.45 |
Species/Functional Group | Keystone Index | Keystone Index #2 | Relative Total Impact |
---|---|---|---|
Cetaceans | −0.0464 | 3.982 | 1.000 |
Small skate and ray | −0.811 | 2.202 | 0.172 |
Small shark | −0.737 | 2.204 | 0.204 |
Dolphinfish | −0.515 | 2.919 | 0.340 |
Scombrids | −0.751 | 2.979 | 0.197 |
Shrimps | −0.252 | 0.731 | 0.706 |
Lobster and crab | −0.523 | 1.899 | 0.335 |
Oil fish/escolar | −1.662 | 3.156 | 0.0242 |
Mackerels | −0.957 | 2.479 | 0.123 |
Carangids | −0.217 | 3.125 | 0.675 |
Pomfret | −0.783 | 1.987 | 0.184 |
Sciaenids | −0.490 | 2.760 | 0.361 |
Cephalopod | −0.408 | 2.059 | 0.436 |
Flatfishes | −1.821 | 2.578 | 0.0168 |
Sparids | −0.642 | 2.140 | 0.254 |
Clupeids | −0.292 | 0.595 | 0.671 |
Congers | −0.488 | 2.711 | 0.362 |
Hairtail | −0.339 | 3.144 | 0.510 |
Blackbelly triggerfish | −0.971 | 2.235 | 0.119 |
Anchovy | −0.243 | 0.789 | 0.709 |
Other pelagic fish | −0.263 | 0.671 | 0.702 |
Other demersal fish | −0.457 | 1.339 | 0.395 |
Demersal benthivores | −0.261 | 0.876 | 0.663 |
Shellfish | −0.413 | 0.743 | 0.465 |
Zooplankton | −0.247 | 0.682 | 0.729 |
Photoplankton | −0.195 | 0.720 | 0.828 |
Seaweed | −0.533 | 1.076 | 0.335 |
Species/Functional Group | No. of Paths | TP | PPR | PPR/Catch | PPR/TotPP (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cetaceans | 29,520 | 4.59 | 0.33 | 10,604.19 | 0.01 |
Small skate and ray | 202 | 3.73 | 2.73 | 273.23 | 0.08 |
Small shark | 404 | 3.75 | 2.93 | 293.28 | 0.09 |
Dolphinfish | 7451 | 4.00 | 1.53 | 302.23 | 0.05 |
Scombrids | 114 | 3.74 | 2.27 | 271.76 | 0.07 |
Shrimps | 3 | 2.28 | 25.65 | 6.51 | 0.79 |
Lobster and crab | 68 | 3.53 | 2.78 | 127.26 | 0.09 |
Oil fish/escolar | 7412 | 3.98 | 0.06 | 236.00 | 0.00 |
Mackerels | 7272 | 3.97 | 1.31 | 233.37 | 0.04 |
Carangids | 3176 | 3.78 | 3.08 | 219.76 | 0.09 |
Pomfret | 202 | 3.66 | 3.52 | 185.80 | 0.11 |
Sciaenids | 369 | 3.63 | 2.52 | 168.17 | 0.08 |
Cephalopod | 63 | 3.27 | 9.53 | 77.51 | 0.29 |
Flatfishes | 140 | 3.40 | 0.17 | 91.73 | 0.01 |
Sparids | 140 | 3.35 | 2.79 | 130.15 | 0.09 |
Clupeids | 21 | 2.94 | 81.27 | 20.71 | 2.51 |
Congers | 4070 | 4.05 | 1.63 | 254.05 | 0.05 |
Hairtail | 3176 | 4.04 | 5.71 | 317.35 | 0.18 |
Blackbelly triggerfish | 98 | 3.47 | 0.84 | 55.75 | 0.03 |
Anchovy | 5 | 3.06 | 65.01 | 21.21 | 2.00 |
Other pelagic fish | 21 | 3.37 | 113.52 | 34.56 | 3.50 |
Other demersal fish | 50 | 3.13 | 27.88 | 47.90 | 0.86 |
Demersal benthivores | 12 | 2.47 | 6.58 | 13.15 | 0.20 |
Shellfish | 6 | 2.06 | 11.31 | 6.39 | 0.35 |
Group/Functional Group | Biomass | Production | Predation | Consumption | Catch | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Cetacean | 4 | 6 | 7 | 6 | 4 |
2 | Small skate and ray | 1 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 4 |
3 | Small shark | 1 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 4 |
4 | Dolphin fish | 1 | 7 | 4 | 6 | 6 |
5 | Scombrids | 1 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 4 |
6 | Shrimps | 1 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 4 |
7 | Lobster and crab | 1 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 4 |
8 | Oil fish/escolar | 1 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 4 |
9 | Mackerels | 1 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 4 |
10 | Carangids | 1 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 4 |
11 | Pomfret | 1 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 4 |
12 | Sciaenids | 1 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 4 |
13 | Cephalopod | 1 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 4 |
14 | Flatfishes | 1 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 4 |
15 | Sparids | 1 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 4 |
16 | Clupeids | 1 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 4 |
17 | Congers | 1 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 4 |
18 | Hairtail | 1 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 4 |
19 | Blackbelly triggerfish | 1 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 4 |
20 | Anchovy | 1 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 4 |
21 | Other pelagic fish | 1 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 4 |
22 | Other demersal fish | 1 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 4 |
23 | Demersal benthivores | 1 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 4 |
24 | Shellfish | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 4 |
25 | Zooplankton | 1 | 3 | 2 | 3 | |
26 | Photoplankton | 1 | 3 | |||
27 | Seaweed | 1 | 3 | |||
28 | Detritus | 1 |
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Chin, C.-P.; Su, K.-Y.; Liu, K.-M. Assessing the Fishing Impact on the Marine Ecosystem of Guishan Island in the Northeastern Waters of Taiwan Using Ecopath and Ecosim. J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2023, 11, 2368. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse11122368
Chin C-P, Su K-Y, Liu K-M. Assessing the Fishing Impact on the Marine Ecosystem of Guishan Island in the Northeastern Waters of Taiwan Using Ecopath and Ecosim. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering. 2023; 11(12):2368. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse11122368
Chicago/Turabian StyleChin, Chien-Pang, Kuan-Yu Su, and Kwang-Ming Liu. 2023. "Assessing the Fishing Impact on the Marine Ecosystem of Guishan Island in the Northeastern Waters of Taiwan Using Ecopath and Ecosim" Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 11, no. 12: 2368. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse11122368