Environmental and Economic Sustainability Assessment for Two Different Sprinkler and A Drip Irrigation Systems: A Case Study on Maize Cropping
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area and Field Management
2.2. Irrigation
2.3. Water-Based Indicators
2.4. Biomass and Yield Analysis
2.5. Economic Balance and Related Indexes of Performance
2.6. Energetic Balance and Related Indexes
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Water Based Indicators
3.2. Indicator for Biomass and Yield Evaluation
3.3. Economic Indicators
3.4. Energetic Indicators
4. Conclusions
Author Ccontributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Center Pivot System | Drip Irrigation | Hose-reel System | TEST | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Total gross income | 2054 | 2300 | 1949 | 917 |
Amortization value | 131 | 62 | 111 | - |
Labor and maintenance | 30 | 125 | 75 | - |
Energy | 99 | 104 | 171 | - |
Cost for drip line | - | 320 | - | - |
Total Irrigation costs | 260 | 610 | 357 | - |
Net income | 1794 | 1690 | 1592 | 917 |
Inventory List | Metric | Drip Irrigation | Center Pivot | Hose-Reel |
---|---|---|---|---|
Number of irrigations | n° | 12 | 10 | 5 |
Electricity consumption single irrigation per hectare | kWh (*) | 48 | 55 | 52.5 |
Energy cost | € ha−1 | 104 | 99 | 171 |
Electricity price | € kWh−1 (**) | 0.18 | 0.18 | 0.65 |
Irrigation Plot | WUE 22-June kg m−3 | WUE 28-July kg m−3 | IWUE kg m−3 | RIS |
---|---|---|---|---|
Drip irrigation | 1.251 | 1.875 | 2.981 | 0.79 |
Center Pivot | 1.349 | 2.040 | 2.370 | 0.75 |
Hose-reel system | 0.972 | 1.541 | 2.580 | 0.78 |
Non-irrigated test | 1.319 | 1.627 |
Irrigation System | HI at Hard Dough Phase kgharvest·kgbiomass−1 | CGR Maize Biomass g day−1 | CGR Maize Ear g day−1 | RGR Maize Biomass g g−1 day−1 | RGR Maize Ear g g−1 day−1 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Drip irrigation | 0.521 | 13.5 | 21.5 | 0.031 | 0.031 |
Center pivot | 0.478 | 15.9 | 17.5 | 0.033 | 0.026 |
Hose-reel | 0.533 | 10.4 | 18.9 | 0.032 | 0.033 |
Test | 0.416 | 6.4 | 7.3 | 0.019 | 0.024 |
Energetic Footprint m3 MJ−1 | Energetic Cost Footprint m3 €−1 | Energy Performance MJ m3 kgCO2−eq−1 | GHG Emission Per Irrigation kgCO2−eq ha−1 | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Drip irrigation | 1.00 | 22.3 | 0.21 | 26 |
Center pivot system | 0.85 | 24.2 | 0.15 | 29 |
Hose-reel system | 0.12 | 11.7 | 0.35 | 29 |
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Borsato, E.; Martello, M.; Marinello, F.; Bortolini, L. Environmental and Economic Sustainability Assessment for Two Different Sprinkler and A Drip Irrigation Systems: A Case Study on Maize Cropping. Agriculture 2019, 9, 187. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture9090187
Borsato E, Martello M, Marinello F, Bortolini L. Environmental and Economic Sustainability Assessment for Two Different Sprinkler and A Drip Irrigation Systems: A Case Study on Maize Cropping. Agriculture. 2019; 9(9):187. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture9090187
Chicago/Turabian StyleBorsato, Eros, Marco Martello, Francesco Marinello, and Lucia Bortolini. 2019. "Environmental and Economic Sustainability Assessment for Two Different Sprinkler and A Drip Irrigation Systems: A Case Study on Maize Cropping" Agriculture 9, no. 9: 187. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture9090187