Integrating Solar Radiation Dynamics into Irrigation System Design: An Asymmetric-Sector Approach for Mediterranean Orchards

The adoption of photovoltaic (PV) energy in irrigation is rapidly increasing, supported by a range of available technologies. However, an agronomic perspective that could help overcome inherent limitations of PV systems remains absent. In fact, current irrigation design methods do not explicitly take into account the dynamic nature of PV power generation. While irrigation engineering conceptualises soil as a reservoir for plant-available water, it can also function as an energy reservoir, storing solar-derived energy in the form of soil moisture for subsequent crop use. Building on this concept, this study proposes an integrated framework for designing off-grid PV irrigation systems based on asymmetric irrigation sectors. The framework couples hydrological, agronomic, and energy components to synchronise solar energy generation with crop water requirements, thereby eliminating the need for intermediate energy storage. The methodology was applied to two case studies: a hedgerow olive orchard and an almond orchard in southern Portugal, both with drip irrigation. Results demonstrate that the asymmetric-sector design provides a technically feasible and low-complexity solution for integrating photovoltaic energy into irrigation systems. The conventional irrigation system required 1.42 kW of minimum pumping power for olive orchards and 1.32 kW for almond orchards. The dimensions of the main lines ranged from 97.8 mm for olive and 75 mm for almond orchards, while the flow rate of the emitter was 2.3 L h⁻¹ for olive and 3 L h⁻¹ for almond orchards. Although PV-compatible operation required hydraulic adjustments including increases in design flow rate (226–255%), pump power demand (87.5–241%), and pipe diameters (up to 120% in olive and 75% in almond), these adaptations enable irrigation systems to operate under the variability inherent to solar-based energy supply. This hydraulic oversizing leads to higher initial investment costs; however, this can be mitigated to a certain extent by diminished operating costs and complete energy autonomy from the electricity grid.