Recent Advances in Bee Rearing and Production

The global decline of entomofauna in recent decades has posed serious threats to biodiversity, the resilience of terrestrial ecosystems, and food production [1]. Among all insects, the honeybee has long held a special place in human society, even predating the advent of agriculture [2], providing food and medicine [3,4]. Today, the economic value of pollination in food production is estimated at USD 235–577 trillion, and 71 of the 100 crops supplying 90% of the world’s food depend on honeybee pollination [5]. The loss of even a portion of bee populations can severely disrupt food production, a risk that grows as the human population rapidly increases. Alarmingly, incidents of bee mortality are becoming increasingly frequent, regionally and globally, a phenomenon commonly referred to as colony collapse disorder (CCD) [6]. The causes of CCD are numerous and interrelated, ranging from habitat loss, environmental pollution, invasive species, parasites, and viruses to intensive agricultural and beekeeping practices.

Over the past decades, scientists have sought to reduce bee mortality through environmental conservation, alternative agricultural practices, and innovative approaches to apiculture. Numerous projects have addressed habitat quality, forage availability, bee-friendly practices, selective breeding, pest and disease control, and climate change, all aiming to strengthen the resilience of honeybees and the apiculture sector as a whole. Simultaneously, new technologies, advanced breeding programs, and ecologically informed practices are transforming traditional beekeeping into a dynamic, data-driven, and environmentally conscious industry.

The integration of digital technologies into beekeeping has opened unprecedented opportunities. Smart hives equipped with IoT sensors enable the remote monitoring of colony health, brood development, and environmental conditions in real time [7,8,9]. Machine learning algorithms can predict swarming events, detect early signs of disease, and optimize honey harvests, while sensors can identify dangerous parasites such as Varroa destructor [10,11]. Beyond the hive, advanced imaging techniques using UAV-based RGB and NDVI imagery, processed through deep learning, allow for the mapping and identification of flowering plants, supporting optimal forage planning [12,13]. These innovations not only enhance productivity but also facilitate evidence-based interventions, reducing stress on colonies and promoting long-term bee health.

Controlling parasites and diseases remains a cornerstone of modern apiculture. Biogenic preparations, including essential oils, probiotics, microorganisms, and organic acids, provide effective alternatives to chemical treatments, especially when combined with sound beekeeping practices [14,15,16]. Strategies such as temporarily caging queen bees [17], RNA interference (RNAi) treatments targeting Varroa mites [18,19], and hive microbiome manipulation [20] exemplify emerging approaches that enhance colony health while minimizing chemical exposure.

Selective breeding and genomics are also reshaping the field, enabling the propagation of genetic traits linked to hygienic behavior, disease resistance, and high productivity [21,22,23]. Such programs strengthen colony survival and facilitate the adaptation of beekeeping to diverse ecological regions facing unique environmental pressures.

Sustainability and ecological responsibility are increasingly central to apiculture. Organic practices that reduce or eliminate synthetic chemicals are gaining popularity, reflecting consumer demand and environmental awareness [24]. Collaborative efforts between beekeepers and farmers promote bee-friendly agricultural landscapes rich in floral resources [25], though competition with wild pollinators must be considered [26]. By integrating ecological awareness into production models, beekeeping not only improves hive health but also contributes to broader biodiversity preservation.

Climate change adds a complex layer to these challenges. Altered phenology and the availability of nectar and pollen directly affect colonies’ abilities to accumulate sufficient food reserves, contributing to winter mortality and overall colony weakening. Protecting bee populations in this context requires harnessing technological progress, optimizing crop selection, breeding resilient bee strains, and implementing environmentally sustainable practices.

The future of beekeeping lies at the intersection of tradition, innovation, and ecological responsibility. Integrating smart technologies, sustainable management practices, and genetic improvements has the potential to significantly enhance bee health and productivity. Realizing these gains depends on ongoing collaboration among scientists, beekeepers, policymakers, and the public. By embracing both scientific progress and respect for natural ecosystems, we can secure a thriving future for bees—and, with them, the well-being of our planet. The studies presented in the Special Issue “Recent Advances in Bee Rearing and Production” represent a valuable contribution to this knowledge, guiding the next generation of sustainable apiculture.