The Relationship between Soil Electrical Parameters and Compaction of Sandy Clay Loam Soil
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Experimental Data Acquisition
2.2. Artificial Neural Networks
3. Results and Discussion
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Texture | Diameter [mm] | Percentage |
---|---|---|
skeletans | >2 | 1.2 |
sand | 2–0.05 | 57.3 |
silt | 0.05–0.002 | 18.4 |
clay | <0.002 | 24.3 |
soil texture | Sandy clay loam (SCL) |
Measured quantities | 1: Apparent conductivity in millisiemens per meter (mS∙m−1) 2: In-phase ratio of the secondary to primary magnetic field in parts per thousand (ppt) |
Intercoil spacing | 1 and 0.5 m |
Operating frequency | 14.5 kHz |
Measuring range | Conductivity: 1000 mS∙m−1 In-phase: ± 28 ppt for 1 m separation In-phase: ± 7 ppt for 0.5 m separation |
Measurement resolution | ±0.1% of full scale |
Measurement accuracy | ±5% at 30 mS∙m−1 |
Noise levels | Conductivity: 0.5 mS∙m−1; in-phase: 0.02 ppt |
The Parameter | Minimum | Maximum | Mean | Standard Deviation |
---|---|---|---|---|
apparent soil electrical conductivity 0.5 m [mS∙m−1] | 0.39 | 15.23 | 5.10 | 3.05 |
magnetic susceptibility 0.5 m [-] | −0.11 | −0.01 | −0.09 | 0.02 |
apparent soil electrical conductivity 1 m [mS∙m−1] | 0.00 | 36.95 | 8.18 | 6.77 |
magnetic susceptibility 1 m [-] | −4.18 | 0.16 | −2.09 | 0.70 |
soil compaction (depth 0–0.1 m) [MPa] | 0.17 | 1.03 | 0.40 | 0.17 |
soil compaction (depth 0–0.2 m) [MPa] | 0.36 | 1.60 | 0.86 | 0.24 |
soil compaction (depth 0–0.3 m) [MPa] | 0.42 | 2.04 | 1.15 | 0.28 |
soil compaction (depth 0–0.4 m) [MPa] | 0.57 | 2.20 | 1.39 | 0.28 |
soil compaction (depth 0–0.5 m) [MPa] | 0.65 | 2.20 | 1.41 | 0.28 |
soil compaction (depth 0.1–0.2 m) [MPa] | 0.48 | 2.20 | 1.28 | 0.37 |
soil compaction (depth 0.2–0.3 m) [MPa] | 0.42 | 3.41 | 1.71 | 0.51 |
soil compaction (depth 0.3–0.4 m) [MPa] | 0.89 | 3.28 | 2.04 | 0.51 |
soil compaction (depth 0.4–0.5 m) [MPa] | 0.17 | 3.39 | 1.14 | 0.58 |
Input Parameters | Output Parameter | ANN Type | ANN Structure | R |
---|---|---|---|---|
ECa 0.5; MS 0.5; ECa 1; MS 1 | soil compaction (0–0.5 m) | MLP | 4-17-1 | 0.769 |
ECa 0.5; MS 0.5; ECa 1; MS 1 | soil compaction (0.4–0.5 m) | RBF | 4-14-1 | 0.826 |
ECa 0.5; MS 0.5 | soil compaction (0–0.5 m) | MLP | 2-20-1 | 0.877 |
ECa 0.5; MS 0.5 | soil compaction (0.4–0.5 m) | MLP | 2-19-1 | 0.846 |
ECa 0.5; MS 0.5 | soil compaction (0–0.4 m) | RBF | 2-17-1 | 0.700 |
ECa 0.5; MS 0.5 | soil compaction (0–0.3 m) | RBF | 2-24-1 | 0.446 |
ECa 0.5; MS 0.5 | soil compaction (0–0.2 m) | RBF | 2-10-1 | 0.521 |
ECa 0.5; MS 0.5 | soil compaction (0–0.1 m) | RBF | 2-20-1 | 0.615 |
ECa 0.5; MS 0.5 | soil compaction (0.3–0.4 m) | RBF | 2-33-1 | 0.662 |
ECa 0.5; MS 0.5 | soil compaction (0.2–0.3 m) | MLP | 2-12-1 | 0.594 |
ECa 0.5; MS 0.5 | soil compaction (0.1–0.2 m) | RBF | 2-36-1 | 0.476 |
ECa 0.5; EC 1 | soil compaction (0–0.5 m) | RBF | 2-27-1 | 0.759 |
ECa 0.5; EC 1 | soil compaction (0.4–0.5 m) | RBF | 2-11-1 | 0.732 |
ECa 0.5; EC 1 | soil compaction (0–0.4 m) | RBF | 2-28-1 | 0.656 |
ECa 0.5; EC 1 | soil compaction (0–0.3 m) | RBF | 2-21-1 | 0.517 |
ECa 0.5; EC 1 | soil compaction (0–0.2 m) | RBF | 2-15-1 | 0.433 |
ECa 0.5; EC 1 | soil compaction (0–0.1 m) | MLP | 2-16-1 | 0.501 |
ECa 0.5; EC 1 | soil compaction (0.3–0.4 m) | RBF | 2-21-1 | 0.648 |
ECa 0.5; EC 1 | soil compaction (0.2–0.3 m) | RBF | 2-27-1 | 0.470 |
ECa 0.5; EC 1 | soil compaction (0.1–0.2 m) | RBF | 2-12-1 | 0.471 |
MS 0.5; MS 1 | soil compaction (0–0.5 m) | RBF | 2-10-1 | 0.725 |
MS 0.5; MS 1 | soil compaction (0.4–0.5 m) | MLP | 2-39-1 | 0.790 |
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Pentoś, K.; Pieczarka, K.; Serwata, K. The Relationship between Soil Electrical Parameters and Compaction of Sandy Clay Loam Soil. Agriculture 2021, 11, 114. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture11020114
Pentoś K, Pieczarka K, Serwata K. The Relationship between Soil Electrical Parameters and Compaction of Sandy Clay Loam Soil. Agriculture. 2021; 11(2):114. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture11020114
Chicago/Turabian StylePentoś, Katarzyna, Krzysztof Pieczarka, and Kamil Serwata. 2021. "The Relationship between Soil Electrical Parameters and Compaction of Sandy Clay Loam Soil" Agriculture 11, no. 2: 114. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture11020114