Nutritional, Antinutritional Compounds and Nutraceutical Significance of Native Bean Species (Phaseolus spp.) of Mexican Cultivars
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Plant Material
2.2. Physicochemical Analysis
2.3. Phenolic Compaounds
2.4. Antioxidant Activity
2.5. Antinutritonal Compounds
2.6. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Physical Analysis
3.2. Nutritional Content
3.3. Phenolic Compounds, Antioxidant Activity, and Anti-Nutritional Composition
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sample | *L | H | c | Length (mm) | Width (mm) | Thickness (mm) | Weight (g) | Color |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
GR-01 P.l. | 24.24 ± 0.14 i–k | 1.27 ± 0.02 d–i | 1.05 ± 0.03 a–c | 15.22 ± 1.25 t | 11.56 ± 0.89 v | 4.38 ± 0.31 d–g | 57.31 | Black–purple |
GR-02 P.v. | 39.46 ± 0.78 p | 0.89 ± 0.00 b–i | 22.38 ± 0.73 q | 8.58 ± 065 bc | 6.44 ± 0.46 j–m | 5.05 ± 0.38 m–o | 17.13 | Brown |
GR-03 P.v. | 68.64 ± 0.22 w | 1.44 ± 0.00 hi | 14.00 ± 0.10 h | 8.50 ± 0.75 b | 5.86 ± 0.38 m–o | 5.10 ± 0.42 no | 20.47 | White |
GR-04 P.v. | 21.31 ± 0.13 ef | 1.45 ± 0.02 hi | 1.39 ± 0.01 b–d | 9.91 ± 0.77 il | 5.94 ± 0.54 d–f | 4.06 ± 0.40 bc | 19.38 | Black–purple |
GR-05 P.v. | 22.03 ± 0.21fg | 1.50 ± 0.01 i | 2.23 ± 0.17 de | 10.63 ± 0.69 no | 6.46 ± 0.32 k–m | 4.32 ± 0.29 c–f | 22.74 | Black–purple |
GR-06 P.v. | 68.64 ± 0.20 w | 1.33 ± 0.00 e–i | 19.60 ± 0.03 n | 9.19 ± 0.54 d-g | 6.38 ± 0.54 h–l | 4.43 ± 0.29 e–g | 18.73 | Light brown |
GR-07 P.v. | 61.56 ± 0.25 u | 1.25 ± 0.00 c–i | 16.53 ± 0.09 kl | 12.40 ± 0.98 qr | 7.21 ± 0.58 q | 4.72 ± 0.47 i–l | 31.63 | Light brown |
GR-08 P.l. | 57.20 ± 0.25 t | 1.24 ± 0.01 c–i | 10.73 ± 0.25 g | 15.13 ± 1.18 t | 10.66 ± 0.79 tu | 4.13 ± 0.33 d–f | 50.91 | Light brown |
GR-09 P.l. | 65.85 ± 0.13 v | 1.31 ± 0.01 d-i | 13.88 ± 0.08 h | 15.59 ± 1.50 t | 10.91 ± 0.98 u | 4.33 ± 0.70 d–f | 56.40 | White |
GR-10 P.v. | 22.10 ± 0.31 fg | 1.44 ± 0.01 hi | 1.56 ± 0.05 cd | 8.70 ± 0.76 b–d | 5.84 ± 0.58 de | 4.01 ± 0.39 b | 16.26 | Black–purple |
GR-11 P.v. | 32.31 ± 0.47 n | 0.61 ± 0.04 b–i | 20.06 ± 0.16 no | 10.27 ± 0.61 k–n | 6.89 ± 0.51 op | 4.63 ± 050 g–k | 26.92 | Red |
GR-12 P.v. | 73.95 ± 0.13 y | 1.48 ± 0.00 hi | 10.85 ± 0.03 g | 8.83 ± 0.74 b–d | 6.21 ± 0.46 f–j | 5.11 ± 0.42 no | 21.58 | White |
GR-13 P.v. | 29.10 ± 0.39 m | 0.33 ± 0.03 c | 17.30 ± 0.47 lm | 10.84 ± 0.84 op | 5.70 ± 0.39 b–d | 4.61 ± 0.43 g–j | 21.47 | Red |
GR-14 P.v. | 18.47 ± 0.07 bc | 1.50 ± 0.01 i | 0.84 ± 0.04 a-c | 10.20 ± 0.91 k–n | 6.28 ± 0.61 g–k | 4.70 ± 0.44 h–l | 23.75 | Black–purple |
GR-15 P.c. | 37.05 ± 0.68 o | 0.73 ± 0.02 b–i | 11.65 ± 0.47 g | 12.71 ± 1.28 r | 9.60 ± 0.91 t | 6.13 ± 0.75 p | 53.96 | Purple |
GR-16 P.v. | 42.74 ± 0.29 q | 0.94 ± 0.01 b–i | 13.37 ± 0.13 h | 10.51 ± 1.21 m–o | 6.67 ± 0.65 m–o | 4.88 ± 0.53 k–n | 27.00 | Purple |
GR-17 P.v. | 23.18 ± 0.17 g–i | 0.38 ± 0.01 b–d | 20.05 ± 0.24 no | 11.95 ± 1.28 q | 7.89 ± 0.82 r | 5.94 ± 0.79 p | 39.63 | Red |
GR-18 P.v. | 55.06 ± 0.82 s | 1.06 ± 0.01 b–i | 17.63 ± 0.10 m | 14.17 ± 1.16 s | 8.93 ± 0.70 s | 6.63 ± 0.70 q | 57.95 | Light brown |
OX-01 P.v. | 19.82 ± 0.04 d | −1.11 ± 0.09 a | 1.27 ± 0.05 ab | 10.30 ± 0.74 k–n | 6.43 ± 0.42 j–m | 4.54 ± 0.35 f–i | 22.92 | Black–blue |
OX-02 P.v. | 17.47 ± 0.27 ab | −1.50 ± 0.07 a | 0.34 ± 0.03 ab | 9.48 ± 0.68 e–i | 6.10 ± 0.38 e–h | 4.15 ± 0.35 b–d | 18.96 | Black–blue |
OX-03 P.v. | 19.22 ± 0.09 cd | 1.44 ± 0.09 hi | 0.23 ± 0.01 a | 9.53 ± 0.72 f–i | 5.83 ± 0.43 d–e | 4.21 ± 0.38 b–e | 18.40 | Black–purple |
OX-04 P.v. | 17.05 ± 0.09 a | −1.45 ± 0.06 a | 0.40 ± 0.15 ab | 9.56 ± 0.74 g–i | 6.14 ± 0.44 e–i | 4.58 ± 0.37 f–i | 20.92 | Black–blue |
OX-05 P.v. | 18.93 ± 0.25 cd | 1.37 ± 0.02 f–i | 1.48 ± 0.13 cd | 8.82 ± 0.90 b–d | 5.23 ± 0.46 a | 3.67 ± 0.44 a | 12.23 | Black–purple |
OX-06 P.v. | 66.08 ± 0.29 v | 1.32 ± 0.00 e–i | 21.79 ± 0.79 pq | 10.40 ± 0.88 l–o | 7.11 ± 0.70 pq | 5.26 ± 0.36 o | 27.67 | Light brown |
OX-07 P.v. | 69.23 ± 0.16 w | 1.43 ± 0.00 hi | 14.37 ± 0.26 hi | 9.39 ± 064 e–h | 5.97 ± 0.33 d–g | 4.97 ± 0.30 l–n | 21.44 | White |
OX-08 P.v. | 49.47 ± 0.84 r | 1.03 ± 0.01 b–i | 21.01 ± 0.18 op | 9.70 ± 086 h–j | 5.66 ± 0.45 b–d | 4.33 ± 0.57 d–f | 17.93 | Light brown |
OX-09 P.v. | 20.10 ± 0.47 de | 1.36 ± 0.01 f–i | 1.25 ± 0.11 a-d | 9.58 ± 0.70 g–i | 6.58 ± 0.46 l–o | 4.85 ± 0.36 j–n | 21.87 | Black–purple |
OX-10 P.v. | 28.13 ± 0.44 m | 0.55 ± 0.02 b-h | 19.57 ± 0.26 n | 10.53 ± 0.59 m–o | 5.77 ± 0.50 cd | 4.79 ± 0.38 i–m | 22.39 | Red |
OX-11 P.v. | 71.60 ± 0.03 x | 1.49 ± 0.00 i | 17.79 ± 0.04 m | 9.83 ± 0.63 h–k | 5.32 ± 0.37 a | 4.13 ± 0.31 b–d | 17.31 | White |
OX-12 P.v. | 73.03 ± 0.11 y | 1.46 ± 0.01 hi | 16.18 ± 0.26 jk | 10.47 ± 0.76 m–o | 6.56 ± 0.45 l–n | 4.80 ± 0.46 i–m | 25.64 | White |
OX-13 P.v. | 22.87 ± 0.39 gh | 0.46 ± 0.01 b–g | 15.61 ± 0.22 jk | 10.11 ± 0.52 j–m | 6.54 ± 0.35 l–n | 4.71 ± 0.39 h–l | 23.25 | Red |
OX-14 P.v. | 71.50 ± 0.13 x | 1.38 ± 0.00 g–i | 15.39 ± 0.09 ij | 7.83 ± 0.55 a | 5.46 ± 0.37 a–c | 4.43 ± 0.45 e–g | 14.89 | White |
OX-15 P.v. | 22.51 ± 0.01 f–h | 0.44 ± 1.73 b–f | 1.50 ± 0.14 cd | 8.75 ± 0.87 b–d | 5.73 ± 0.45 cd | 4.04 ± 0.40 b | 17.86 | Black |
OX-16 P.v. | 24.90 ± 0.23 jk | 0.21 ± 0.03 b | 2.15 ± 0.07 de | 8.99 ± 0.78 b–e | 5.39 ± 0.38 ab | 4.44 ± 0.51 e–h | 15.19 | Black |
OX-17 P.v. | 25.31 ± 0.20 kl | 1.44 ± 0.04 hi | 2.78 ± 0.24 e | 9.05 ± 0.78 c–f | 5.33 ± 0.41 a | 4.05 ± 0.39 bc | 16.31 | Black–purple |
OX-18 P.v. | 23.60 ± 0.23 h–j | 0.17 ± 0.14 b | 2.23 ± 0.52 de | 11.22 ± 1.21 p | 6.80 ± 0.57 n–p | 5.25 ± 0.79 o | 29.07 | Black |
OX-19 P.v. | 28.68 ± 0.49 m | 0.77 ± 0.14 b | 13.83 ± 0.39 f | 9.90 ± 0.86 i–l | 5.74 ± 0.52 cd | 4.80 ± 0.63 i–m | 20.97 | Dark brown |
OX-20 P.c. | 26.25 ± 0.58 l | 0.41 ± 0.10 b–e | 3.99 ± 0.39 f | 14.09 ± 1.59 s | 10.37 ± 1.12 t | 6.67 ± 0.96 q | 67.29 | Black |
Species | Moisture | Ashes | Fat | Protein | Carbohydrates | Fiber | Food Energy (Kcal/100 g) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
P. coccineus | 11.20 ± 0.74 b | 4.27 ± 0.50 c | 1.87 ± 0.44 ab | 17.28 ± 2.06 a | 65.39 ± 1.39 b | 4.18 ± 0.33 a | 424.54 ± 9.96 a |
P. lunatus | 9.62 ± 0.77 a | 3.48 ± 0.19 a | 1.60 ± 0.08 a | 19.68 ± 0.58 b | 65.62 ± 0.85 b | 5.21 ± 0.20 a | 445.98 ± 8.13 b |
P. vulgaris | 10.16 ± 1.49 b | 3.78 ± 0.25 b | 2.22 ± 0.38 b | 20.48 ± 2.78 b | 62.57 ± 0.43 a | 5.02 ± 1.76 a | 444.78 ± 2.45 b |
Variables Evaluated | P. coccineus | P. lunatus | P. vulgaris |
---|---|---|---|
Total phenolic content (mg GAE/g) | 472.03 ± 0.17 a | 604.85 ± 0.35 b | 440.40 ± 0.61 a |
Flavonoid content (mg QE/g) | 12.38 ± 0.45 c | 4.99 ± 0.94 a | 8.82 ± 0.77 b |
Anthocyanin content (mg C-3G/g seed coat) | 0.53 ± 0.06 a | 1.71 ± 1.32 b | 2.69 ± 1.24 c |
Tannin content (mg CAE/g) | 1.01 ± 0.65 ab | 0.59 ± 0.70 a | 1.37 ± 0.98 b |
Phytic acid content (mg/100 g bean flour) | 0.58 ± 0.22 b | 0.43 ± 0.32 ab | 0.39 ± 0.56 a |
Oligosaccharid content (mg/100 g bean flour) | 6.44 ± 0.04 b | 3.68 ± 0.11 a | 3.92 ± 0.27 a |
Lectin (HAU/mg protein) | 1.33 ± 0.12 a | 1.52 ± 0.03 ab | 1.63 ± 0.18 b |
Trypsin inhibitory activity (TIU/g bean flour) | 15.97 ± 0.03 ab | 18.05 ± 0.01 b | 13.19 ± 0.32 a |
Radical scavenging activity (% ARSA) | 80.57 ± 0.08 a | 84.18 ± 0.01 ab | 86.43 ± 0.06 b |
Radical scavenging activity (% DRSA) | 56.47 ± 0.08 a | 88.08 ± 0.02 ab | 89.28 ± 0.04 b |
Correlation | r | p |
---|---|---|
Luminosity and hue | 0.47 | 0.003 |
Luminosity and chromaticity | 0.64 | 0.000 |
Luminosity and phenols | −0.53 | 0.001 |
Luminosity and flavonoids | −0.72 | 0.000 |
Luminosity and tannins | −0.67 | 0.000 |
Luminosity and DPPH | −0.49 | 0.000 |
Luminosity and anthocyanins | −0.66 | 0.000 |
Hue and flavonoids | −0.39 | 0.017 |
Hue and tannins | −0.56 | 0.000 |
Chromaticity and tannins | −0.49 | 0.002 |
Chromaticity and DPPH | −0.59 | 0.000 |
Chromaticity and anthocyanins | −0.80 | 0.000 |
Phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity | Sample | Specie | PCA1 | PCA3 | |
OX-01 | P. vulgaris | 1.83 | −1.79 | ||
OX-02 | P. vulgaris | 1.47 | −1.72 | ||
OX-03 | P. vulgaris | 1.63 | −1.40 | ||
OX-04 | P. vulgaris | 4.52 | 0.76 | ||
OX-05 | P. vulgaris | 2.54 | −0.94 | ||
OX-09 | P. vulgaris | 2.51 | 0.06 | ||
OX-10 | P. vulgaris | 3.05 | −1.22 | ||
OX-13 | P. vulgaris | 1.90 | 1.30 | ||
OX-16 | P. vulgaris | 1.31 | 0.85 | ||
GR-01 | P. lunatus | 0.50 | −0.46 | ||
GR-04 | P. vulgaris | 1.63 | 1.47 | ||
GR-05 | P. vulgaris | 1.74 | 1.43 | ||
GR-10 | P. vulgaris | 0.98 | 0.33 | ||
GR-14 | P. vulgaris | 1.45 | −0.09 | ||
Oligosaccharides and phytic acid | OX-06 | P. vulgaris | −1.31 | 1.22 | |
OX-07 | P. vulgaris | −0.91 | 0.11 | ||
OX-08 | P. vulgaris | −1.76 | 0.86 | ||
OX-12 | P. vulgaris | −1.12 | −0.02 | ||
OX-14 | P. vulgaris | −2.39 | 0.33 | ||
OX-19 | P. vulgaris | −1.45 | 0.20 | ||
OX-20 | P. coccineus | −1.45 | −0.88 | ||
GR-03 | P. vulgaris | −1.78 | −0.61 | ||
GR-06 | P. vulgaris | −2.36 | 1.61 | ||
GR-07 | P. vulgaris | −1.88 | −0.98 | ||
GR-08 | P. lunatus | −1.06 | −0.51 | ||
GR-09 | P. lunatus | −1.20 | 0.03 | ||
GR-15 | P. coccineus | −2.93 | −1.75 | ||
GR-17 | P. vulgaris | −0.70 | −0.01 | ||
GR-18 | P. vulgaris | −1.98 | −1.49 | ||
Protein, fiber, lectin | OX-11 | P. vulgaris | −0.54 | 0.80 | |
GR-02 | P. vulgaris | −0.98 | 2.52 | ||
GR-12 | P. vulgaris | −1.32 | 2.98 | ||
GR-13 | P. vulgaris | 1.11 | 2.61 | ||
Inhibitory trypsin activity | OX-15 | P. vulgaris | 0.90 | −1.63 | |
OX-17 | P. vulgaris | −0.10 | −0.85 | ||
OX-18 | P. vulgaris | 0.00 | −0.05 | ||
GR-11 | P. vulgaris | −0.47 | −1.52 | ||
GR-16 | P. vulgaris | −1.38 | −1.52 |
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Alcázar-Valle, M.; García-Morales, S.; Mojica, L.; Morales-Hernández, N.; Sánchez-Osorio, E.; Flores-López, L.; Enríquez-Vara, J.N.; Lugo-Cervantes, E. Nutritional, Antinutritional Compounds and Nutraceutical Significance of Native Bean Species (Phaseolus spp.) of Mexican Cultivars. Agriculture 2021, 11, 1031. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture11111031
Alcázar-Valle M, García-Morales S, Mojica L, Morales-Hernández N, Sánchez-Osorio E, Flores-López L, Enríquez-Vara JN, Lugo-Cervantes E. Nutritional, Antinutritional Compounds and Nutraceutical Significance of Native Bean Species (Phaseolus spp.) of Mexican Cultivars. Agriculture. 2021; 11(11):1031. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture11111031
Chicago/Turabian StyleAlcázar-Valle, Montserrat, Soledad García-Morales, Luis Mojica, Norma Morales-Hernández, Ever Sánchez-Osorio, Lourdes Flores-López, Jhony Navat Enríquez-Vara, and Eugenia Lugo-Cervantes. 2021. "Nutritional, Antinutritional Compounds and Nutraceutical Significance of Native Bean Species (Phaseolus spp.) of Mexican Cultivars" Agriculture 11, no. 11: 1031. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture11111031