Preconception Health and Lifestyle Behaviours of Women Planning a Pregnancy: A Cross-Sectional Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design
2.2. Health Setting, Recruitment and Participants
2.3. Ethics
2.4. The Questionnaire
2.5. Stage of Pregnancy Planning
2.6. Demographics
2.7. Reproductive Health, Family Planning and Genetic Health
2.8. Actions to Prepare for Pregnancy
2.9. Lifestyle Behaviours and Modifiable Risk Factors
2.10. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Demographic Characteristics
3.2. Reproductive Health, Family Planning and Genetic Factors
3.3. General Physical Health, Medical Screening and Immunisation Status
3.4. Actions to Prepare for Pregnancy, Unhealthy Lifestyle Behaviours and Modifiable Risk Factors
3.5. Subanalysis of Weight Behaviour and Weight Gain
4. Discussion
Strengths and Limitations
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characteristic | All (n = 294) | Active Planners (n = 121) | Non-Active Planners (n = 173) | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age (years) Mean (SD) | n = 195 | n = 89 | n = 106 | |
30.7 (4.3) | 31.4 (4.4) | 30.2 (4.1) | 0.35 | |
BMI (kg/m2) Median (IQR) | n = 193 | n = 88 | n = 105 | |
23.7 (20.1, 26.8) | 24.2 (20.8, 27.7) | 23.1 (20.3, 26.0) | 0.05 | |
Country of birth | n = 197 | n = 90 | n = 107 | |
Australia | 135 (68.5%) | 56 (62.2%) | 79 (73.8%) | 0.08 |
Outside Australia | 62 (31.5%) | 34 (37.8%) | 28 (26.2%) | |
Education | n = 196 | n = 89 | n = 107 | |
School Only | 10 (5.1%) | 6 (6.7%) | 4 (3.7%) | 0.18 |
Certificate/Diploma/Apprenticeship | 69 (35.2%) | 36 (40.5%) | 33 (30.8%) | |
University | 117 (59.7%) | 47 (52.8%) | 70 (65.4%) | |
Employment | n = 196 | n = 89 | n = 107 | |
Employed | 184 (93.9%) | 86 (96.6%) | 98 (91.6%) | 0.14 |
Unemployed | 12 (6.1%) | 3 (3.4%) | 9 (8.4%) | |
Area of residence | n = 192 | n = 87 | n = 105 | |
Urban | 158 (82.3%) | 73 (83.9%) | 20 (19.0%) | 0.29 |
Rural/remote | 33 (17.7%) | 14 (16.1%) | 85 (81.0%) | |
SEFIA | n = 191 | n = 86 | n = 105 | |
Higher-level disadvantage | 18 (9.4%) | 8 (9.3%) | 10 (9.5%) | 0.98 |
Moderate-level disadvantage | 59 (30.9%) | 26 (30.2%) | 33 (31.4%) | |
Lower-level disadvantage | 114 (59.7%) | 52 (60.5%) | 62 (59.0%) | |
Annual household income (AUD) | n = 196 | n = 89 | n = 107 | |
<$40,000 | 8 (4.1%) | 4 (4.5%) | 4 (3.7%) | 0.74 |
$41,000–$64,999 | 17 (8.7%) | 9 (10.1%) | 8 (7.5%) | |
$65,000–$80,000 | 24 (12.2%) | 8 (9.0%) | 16 (15.0%) | |
>$81,000 | 135 (68.9%) | 62 (69.7%) | 73 (68.2%) | |
Prefer not to answer | 12 (6.1%) | 6 (6.7%) | 6 (5.6%) | |
Relationship Status | n = 196 | n = 89 | n = 107 | |
Married/De facto | 184 (93.9%) | 87 (97.8%) | 97 (90.7%) | 0.04 |
Unmarried | 12 (6.1%) | 2 (2.3%) | 10 (9.3%) |
Factor or Action | All (n = 294) | Active Planners (n = 121) | Non-Active Planners (n = 173) | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Awareness of reproductive life plan | n = 255 | n = 110 | n = 145 | |
Yes | 25 (9.8%) | 10 (9.1%) | 15 (10.3%) | 0.74 |
Previous pregnancy | n = 57 | n = 31 | n = 26 | |
Yes | 20 (35.1%) | 12 (38.7%) | 8 (30.8%) | 0.53 |
Regular contraception choice | ||||
No contraception | n = 232 | n = 103 | n = 129 | <0.001 |
87 (37.5%) | 65 (63.1%) | 22 (17.1%) | ||
Withdrawal | n = 213 | n = 89 | n = 124 | <0.01 |
41 (19.2%) | 9 (10.1%) | 32 (25.8%) | ||
Barrier | n = 223 | n = 92 | n = 131 | <0.001 |
62 (27.8%) | 14 (15.2%) | 48 (36.6%) | ||
Hormonal | n = 233 | n = 95 | n = 138 | <0.001 |
85 (25.8%) | 12 (12.6%) | 73 (52.9%) | ||
Fertility treatment (previous or current treatment of participant or their partner) | n = 255 | n = 110 | n = 145 | |
Yes | 40 (15.7%) | 34 (30.9%) | 6 (4.1%) | <0.001 |
Personal/family history of genetic condition | n = 199 | n = 90 | n = 109 | |
Yes | 40 (20.1%) | 19 (21.1%) | 21 (19.3%) | 0.95 |
No | 119 (59.8%) | 53 (58.9%) | 66 (60.6%) | |
Unsure | 40 (20.1%) | 18 (20.0%) | 22 (20.2%) | |
Tested for genetic conditions | n = 40 | n = 19 | n = 21 | |
Yes | 23 (57.5%) | 10 (53.6%) | 13 (61.9%) | 0.84 |
No | 15 (37.5%) | 8 (42.1%) | 7 (33.3%) | |
Unsure | 2 (5.0%) | 1 (5.3%) | 1 (4.8%) |
Factor or Action | All (n = 294) | Active Planners (n = 121) | Non-Active Planners (n = 173) | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|
BMI category | n = 193 | n = 88 | n = 105 | |
Underweight | 7 (3.6%) | 4 (4.5%) | 3 (2.9%) | 0.43 |
Healthy | 111 (57.5%) | 45 (51.1%) | 66 (62.9%) | |
Overweight | 39 (20.2%) | 21 (23.9%) | 19 (18.1%) | |
Obese | 36 (18.7%) | 18 (20.5%) | 17 (16.2%) | |
Undertaken cervical screening/pap smear | n = 197 | n = 90 | n = 107 | |
Yes | 159 (80.7%) | 73 (81.1%) | 86 (80.4%) | 0.97 |
No (aged, >25yrs) | 33 (16.8%) | 15 (16.7%) | 18 (16.8%) | |
No (aged, ≤25yrs) | 5 (2.5%) | 2 (2.2%) | 3 (2.8%) | |
STI test (within 6 months) | n = 197 | n = 90 | n = 107 | |
Yes | 57 (28.9%) | 31 (34.4%) | 26 (24.3%) | 0.12 |
Dental Check Up (within 12 months) | n = 252 | n = 110 | n = 142 | |
Yes | 181, (71.8%) | 81, (73.6%) | 100, (70.4%) | 0.06 |
Currently experiencing gum/teeth problem | n = 252 | n = 110 | n = 142 | |
Yes | 32 (12.7%) | 15 (13.6%) | 17 (12.0%) | 0.69 |
Up-to-date immunisation | n = 197 | n = 90 | n = 107 | |
Measles Mumps Rubella (MMR) | 152 (77.2%) | 72 (80.0%) | 80 (74.8%) | 0.38 |
Hepatitis B | 139 (70.6%) | 65 (72.2%) | 74 (69.2%) | 0.64 |
Chicken Pox (Varicella) | 124 (62.9%) | 55 (61.1%) | 69 (59.8%) | 0.63 |
Tetanus/Diphtheria/Pertussis (whooping cough) | 156 (79.2%) | 71 (78.9%) | 85 (79.4%) | 0.92 |
Influenza | 101 (51.3%) | 46 (51.1%) | 55 (51.4%) | 0.97 |
None of the above | 18 (9.1%) | 7 (7.8%) | 11 (10.3%) | 0.54 |
Unsure | 4 (2.0%) | 1 (1.1%) | 3 (2.8%) | 0.40 |
Factor or Action | All (n = 294) | Active Planners (n = 121) | Non-active Planners (n = 173) | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Current actions to prepare for pregnancy | n = 294 | n = 121 | n = 173 | |
Supplement use: | ||||
Taking folic acid | 144 (49.0%) | 91 (75.2%) | 53 (30.6%) | <0.001 |
Taking iodine | 64 (21.8%) | 36 (29.8%) | 28 (16.2%) | 0.01 |
Taking a pre-pregnancy supplement | 85 (28.9%) | 54 (44.6%) | 31 (17.9%) | <0.001 |
Taking folic acid/iodine/pre-pregnancy supplement * | 155 (52.7%) | 98 (81.0%) | 57 (33.0%) | <0.001 |
Taking vitamin D | 86 (29.3%) | 47 (38.9%) | 39 (22.5%) | <0.01 |
Taking other supplements | 40 (13.6%) | 14 (11.6%) | 26 (15.0%) | 0.40 |
Diet: | ||||
Improving diet | 190 (64.6%) | 77 (63.6%) | 113 (65.3%) | 0.77 |
Physical activity: | ||||
Increasing exercise | 176 (59.9%) | 67 (55.4%) | 109 (63.0%) | 0.19 |
Psychosocial: | ||||
Improving sleeping patterns/decreasing stress | 78 (26.5%) | 27 (22.3%) | 51 (29.5%) | 0.17 |
Healthcare: | ||||
Seeking medical/health advice | 119 (40.5%) | 57 (47.1%) | 62 (35.8%) | 0.05 |
Other: | ||||
Trying to stop/decrease smoking | 18 (6.1%) | 7 (5.8%) | 11 (6.4%) | 0.84 |
Trying to stop/decrease drinking alcohol | 74 (25.2%) | 43 (35.5%) | 31 (17.9%) | <0.01 |
Not doing any of the above | 26 (8.8%) | 5 (4.1%) | 21 (12.1%) | 0.02 |
Smoking status | n = 252 | n = 110 | n = 142 | |
Yes, current smoker | 17 (6.6%) | 8 (7.3%) | 9 (6.3%) | 0.92 |
Never smoked/quit smoking | 235 (91.8%) | 100 (90.9%) | 131 (92.3%) | |
Prefer not to answer | 4 (1.6%) | 2 (1.8%) | 2 (1.4%) | |
Consumed alcohol in previous 3 months | n = 225 | n = 95 | n = 130 | |
Yes | 192 (85.3%) | 81 (85.3%) | 111 (85.4%) | 0.98 |
Excessive drinking | n = 227 | n = 96 | n = 131 | |
One or more times | 134 (59.0%) | 54 (56.3%) | 80 (61.1%) | <0.01 ** |
Nil | 41 (18.1%) | 14 (14.6%) | 27 (20.6%) | |
Unsure | 26 (11.5%) | 9 (9.4%) | 17 (13.0%) | |
Stopped drinking for pregnancy | 26 (11.5%) | 19 (19.8%) ** | 7 (5.3%) ** | |
Average alcoholic drinks per week in past 3 months. Median (IQR) | n = 225 | n = 92 | n = 133 | |
3.0 (0.0, 6.0) | 4.0 (1.0, 7.0) | 3.0 (0.5, 5.5) | 0.35 | |
Recreational drug use | n = 248 | n = 108 | n = 140 | |
Yes, within 1 month | 13 (5.2%) | 5 (4.6%) | 8 (4.3%) | 0.95 |
Yes, within 1 year | 13 (5.2%) | 7 (6.5%) | 6 (4.3%) | |
Yes, but not within 1 year | 48 (19.4%) | 21 (19.4%) | 27 (19.3%) | |
Never | 169 (68.1%) | 73 (67.6%) | 96 (68.6%) | |
Prefer not to answer | 5 (2.0%) | 2 (1.9%) | 3 (2.1%) | |
Weighing habits | n = 193 | n = 88 | n = 105 | |
Regular | 93 (48.2%) | 47 (53.4%) | 46 (43.8%) | 0.18 |
Irregular | 100 (51.8%) | 41 (46.6%) | 59 (56.2%) | |
Weight gain in previous 12 months | n = 193 | n = 88 | n = 105 | |
Yes | 105 (54.4%) | 43 (48.9%) | 62 (59.1%) | 0.37 |
No | 74 (38.3%) | 38 (43.2%) | 36 (34.3%) | |
Unsure | 14 (7.3%) | 7 (8.0%) | 7 (6.7%) | |
Amount weight gain in previous 12 months | n = 105 | n = 43 | n = 62 | |
1–2 kg | 32 (30.5%) | 14 (32.6%) | 18 (29.0%) | 0.79 |
3–5 kg | 53 (50.5%) | 20 (46.5%) | 33 (53.2%) | |
6 kg or more | 20 (19.0%) | 9 (20.9%) | 11 (17.7%) | |
Weight related actions (trying to..) | n = 254 | n = 110 | n = 144 | |
Maintaining a healthy weight | 116 (45.7%) | 53 (48.2%) | 63 (43.8%) | 0.73 |
Lose weight | 125 (49.2%) | 51 (46.4%) | 74 (51.4%) | |
Neither of the above | 13 (5.1%) | 6 (5.5%) | 7 (4.9%) |
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Chivers, B.R.; Boyle, J.A.; Lang, A.Y.; Teede, H.J.; Moran, L.J.; Harrison, C.L. Preconception Health and Lifestyle Behaviours of Women Planning a Pregnancy: A Cross-Sectional Study. J. Clin. Med. 2020, 9, 1701. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9061701
Chivers BR, Boyle JA, Lang AY, Teede HJ, Moran LJ, Harrison CL. Preconception Health and Lifestyle Behaviours of Women Planning a Pregnancy: A Cross-Sectional Study. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2020; 9(6):1701. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9061701
Chicago/Turabian StyleChivers, Bonnie R., Jacqueline A. Boyle, Adina Y. Lang, Helena J. Teede, Lisa J. Moran, and Cheryce L. Harrison. 2020. "Preconception Health and Lifestyle Behaviours of Women Planning a Pregnancy: A Cross-Sectional Study" Journal of Clinical Medicine 9, no. 6: 1701. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9061701