Biomarkers of Acute Lung Injury The Individualized Approach: for Phenotyping, Risk Stratification and Treatment Surveillance
Abstract
:1. Introduction; Acute Lung Injury and Biomarkers to Characterize This Condition, and to Assist in Treatment Strategies
2. Biomarkers of Alveolar and Bronchiolar Injury—Surfactant Protein D, Club Cell Secretory Protein and Others
2.1. Biomarkers of Alveolar Injury
2.2. Biomarkers of Bronchiolar Injury
2.3. Biomarkers of Endothelial Injury
3. Biomarkers of Lung Infection: Procalcitonin
3.1. Procalcitonin for Initiating Antibiotics in Critically ill Patients
3.2. Procalcitonin for Antibiotic Reduction
4. Phenotypes of Lung Inflammation and How to Use This for Improved Management
5. Omics: Clinical Phenotypes and Advanced Bioinformatics—How to Integrate
5.1. Study Population—The Art of Selection
5.2. The Importance of Validation
6. Wrap up: Biomarkers of Lung Injury
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Pathophysiological Entity for Biomarker | Biomarker | Established and Validated | Clinical Use Potential | Implemented Broadly | Included in This Review |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Alveolar damage (Pneumocytes type I and II) | SPD | Yes | Risk stratification in mechanically ventilated patients | No | Yes |
s-RAGE | (yes) | ? | No | Yes | |
KL-6 | (yes) | ? | No | Yes | |
FGF-7 | No | No | No | No | |
Airway (conductive) damage | CC16 | Yes | Possibly not in acute lung injury | No | Yes |
Endothelial | VEGF | Yes | + | No | No |
Gelsolin | (yes) * | ? | No | Yes | |
sTM | (yes) | - | No | No | |
Syndecan-1 | No | - | No | No | |
Inflammation/Infection | PCT | Yes | Antibiotic reduction | Yes | Yes |
Eosinophilic granulocyte | Yes | Reduction of corticosteroid use | Yes | Yes | |
IL-1β | Yes | No | No | No | |
TNFα | Yes | No | No | No | |
Mitochondrial DNA | No | Yes—possibly | No | No |
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Murray, D.D.; Itenov, T.S.; Sivapalan, P.; Eklöf, J.V.; Holm, F.S.; Schuetz, P.; Jensen, J.U. Biomarkers of Acute Lung Injury The Individualized Approach: for Phenotyping, Risk Stratification and Treatment Surveillance. J. Clin. Med. 2019, 8, 1163. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm8081163
Murray DD, Itenov TS, Sivapalan P, Eklöf JV, Holm FS, Schuetz P, Jensen JU. Biomarkers of Acute Lung Injury The Individualized Approach: for Phenotyping, Risk Stratification and Treatment Surveillance. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2019; 8(8):1163. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm8081163
Chicago/Turabian StyleMurray, Daniel D., Theis Skovsgaard Itenov, Pradeesh Sivapalan, Josefin Viktoria Eklöf, Freja Stæhr Holm, Philipp Schuetz, and Jens Ulrik Jensen. 2019. "Biomarkers of Acute Lung Injury The Individualized Approach: for Phenotyping, Risk Stratification and Treatment Surveillance" Journal of Clinical Medicine 8, no. 8: 1163. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm8081163