Development and Evaluation of a New Self-Administered Near Visual Acuity Chart: Accuracy and Feasibility of Usage
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Sample and Study Design
2.2. Development of the near Visual Acuity Chart
Procedure
2.3. Outcome Measures
2.4. Sample Size Calculation
2.5. Statistical Analysis
2.6. Power Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Test–Retest Reliability
3.2. Accuracy
3.3. Agreement between HSVA and RPVS Charts
3.4. Self-Test HSVA
3.5. Self-Test vs. Electronic Medical Records
3.6. Prediction Analysis
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
VA | Visual acuity |
RPVS | Rosenbaum Pocket Vision Screener |
HSVA | Hadassah Self-Visual Acuity Screener |
BCVA | Best-corrected visual acuity |
ICC | Intra-class correlation coefficient |
ETDRS | Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study |
DDiVAT | Democritus Digital Visual Acuity Test |
PNAC | Practical Near Acuity Chart |
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Visual Acuity Chart | Mean | Median | SD | p * | Spearman (Rs) | p |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Snellen—1st test | 0.06 | 0.0 | 0.19 | 0.14 | 0.99 | <0.001 |
Snellen—2nd test | 0.04 | 0.0 | 0.14 | |||
RPVS—1st test | 0.02 | 0.0 | 0.11 | 1.0 | 1.0 | <0.001 |
RPVS—2nd test | 0.02 | 0.0 | 0.11 | |||
HSVA—1st test | 0.02 | 0.0 | 0.11 | 1.0 | 1.0 | <0.001 |
HSVA—2nd test | 0.02 | 0.0 | 0.11 |
Visual Acuity Chart | Mean | Median | SD | p * |
---|---|---|---|---|
Snellen | 0.15 | 0.1 | 0.22 | Snellen–RPVS: 0.001 |
RPVS | 0.10 | 0.0 | 0.19 | Snellen–HSVA: 0.001 |
HSVA | 0.09 | 0.0 | 0.20 | RPVS–HSVA: 0.10 |
Test Method | Mean | Median | SD | p * | Spearman (Rs) | p | ICC |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Self-test | 0.10 | 0.0 | 0.20 | 0.17 | |||
Masked examiner | 0.09 | 0.0 | 0.19 | 0.87 | <0.001 | 0.96 |
Visual Acuity Chart | Mean | Median | SD | p * | p * |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Snellen (medical records) | 0.24 | 0.1 | 0.31 | 0.12 | |
HSVA by examiner | 0.18 | 0.0 | 0.27 | 0.04 | |
Self-test HSVA (N = 26) | 0.19 | 0.05 | 0.27 |
Near RPVS VA | Distance Snellen VA | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
B (SEB) | β | p | B(SEB) | β | p | ||
Model I | Age | 0.004 (0.001) | 0.35 | 0.003 | 0.011 (0.07) | 0.26 | 0.02 |
F | 9.5 | 0.003 | 5.1 | 0.02 | |||
R2 | 0.13 | 0.07 | |||||
Model II | Age | 0.001 (0.00) | 0.08 | 0.06 | 0.001 (0.001) | 0.09 | 0.37 |
HSVA by examiner | 0.13 (0.18) | 0.91 | 0.001 | −0.50 (0.45) | −0.40 | 0.27 | |
HSVA self-test | −0.24 (0.17) | −0.22 | 0.15 | 1.10 (0.43) | 0.93 | 0.01 | |
F | 156.9 | 0.001 | 11.6 | 0.001 | |||
R2 | 0.88 | 0.36 |
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Ben-Eli, H.; Banin, E.; Levy, J.; Glik, M.; Afriat, S.; Magal, Y.; Harari, R.; Benyamin, A.; Shein, S.; Chowers, I. Development and Evaluation of a New Self-Administered Near Visual Acuity Chart: Accuracy and Feasibility of Usage. J. Clin. Med. 2024, 13, 2064. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13072064
Ben-Eli H, Banin E, Levy J, Glik M, Afriat S, Magal Y, Harari R, Benyamin A, Shein S, Chowers I. Development and Evaluation of a New Self-Administered Near Visual Acuity Chart: Accuracy and Feasibility of Usage. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2024; 13(7):2064. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13072064
Chicago/Turabian StyleBen-Eli, Hadas, Eyal Banin, Jaime Levy, Miryam Glik, Sarah Afriat, Yasmin Magal, Rivka Harari, Aviya Benyamin, Shira Shein, and Itay Chowers. 2024. "Development and Evaluation of a New Self-Administered Near Visual Acuity Chart: Accuracy and Feasibility of Usage" Journal of Clinical Medicine 13, no. 7: 2064. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13072064
APA StyleBen-Eli, H., Banin, E., Levy, J., Glik, M., Afriat, S., Magal, Y., Harari, R., Benyamin, A., Shein, S., & Chowers, I. (2024). Development and Evaluation of a New Self-Administered Near Visual Acuity Chart: Accuracy and Feasibility of Usage. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 13(7), 2064. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13072064