The Cellular Stress and Cutaneous Manifestations in Renal Cell Carcinomas—A Narrative Review
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Cellular stress in RCC Biology
3. Cutaneous Events in RCC
3.1. Malignant Cutaneous Lesions Associated with RCC
3.1.1. Distant Metastasis of RCC to the Skin
3.1.2. Metachronous and Synchronous Skin Malignancies Associated with RCC
3.2. Paraneoplastic Syndromes in RCC
Cutaneous Manifestations | Clinical Findings | Histological Findings | References | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Metastases of ccRCC | A solid, yellowish lesion with internal necrosis and hemorrhage | Cells with cytoplasm rich in lipids and glycogen, hypervascularized | [56,57,58,59,60,61,62,63,64] | |
Skin malignancies | ||||
Mycosis fungoides | Papules, tumors, ulcers | Infiltrates malignant T cells with irregular cerebriform nuclei, localized in the dermis | [71,72,73,74,75,76,77,83,84,85] | |
Basal cell carcinoma | Pearly nodule with arborizing vessels on its surface +/− ulceration | Basaloid palisading epithelium, basal cells with hyperchromatic nuclei, apoptotic cells | [49] | |
Squamous cell carcinoma | Keratinous plaque/nodule with irregular margins that can ulcerate | Nests of atypical squamous epithelial cells in the dermis | [81] | |
Melanoma | Brittle nodule, which bleeds easily, with variable dimensions and chromatic polymorphism | Nests of melanocytes in lymphovascular spaces, with atypical mitoses, atypical nuclei, and increased apoptosis | [78,79] | |
Paraneoplastic syndromes | ||||
Acanthosis nigricans | Hyperpigmented, infiltrated, keratotic lesions in intertriginous areas | Hyperkeratosis, papillomatosis, acanthosis with thickening of the spinous layer of the epidermis | [87,91] | |
Leser–Trélat syndrome | Papular, verrucous, pruritic lesions | Abundant inflammatory infiltrate | [92] | |
Palmoplantar keratoderma | Excessive thickening of the epidermis | Hyperkeratosis | [93,94] | |
Spiny keratoderma | Keratotic patches | Keratotic plugs | [93,94] | |
Scrofuloderma | Nodules, ulcers, purulent discharge fistulas | Inflammatory granulomatous infiltrate, necrosis, acid-fast bacilli | [95] | |
Acquired ichthyosis | Grayish-brown scales | Focal parakeratosis, thickened granular layer, acanthosis, hyperplasia | [97,98] | |
Erythema gyratum repens | Serpinginous, polycyclic, and pruritic erythema | Hyperkeratosis, parakeratosis, acanthosis, spongiosis, lymphohistiocytic infiltrate | [96] | |
Urticaria | Multiple erythematous and edematous lesions, accompanied by intense itching | Dermal edema, perivascular inflammatory infiltrate | [99,100] | |
Psoriasis | Well-demarcated erythematous and scaly plaques | Parakeratosis, regular acanthosis of the epidermis, Munro microabcesses, lymphocytic dermal infiltrate | [101,102] | |
Idiopathic inflammatory myopathies | Muscle weakness, pain, and skin rash | Hyperkeratosis, parakeratosis, acanthosis, and spongiosis with perivascular mononuclear inflammatory infiltrate | [103,105,106,107,108] | |
PAMS | Erythroderma and refractory stomatitis | Lichenoid infiltrates with interface dermatitis, necrotic keratinocytes, and strong epidermotropism | [72,109,110] | |
Linear IgA dermatosis | Clear or hemorrhagic vesicles/bullae on normal/erythematous skin | Suprabasal acantholysis and keratinocyte necrosis IgA deposition along the basement membrane | [111,112] | |
Paraneoplastic vasculitis | Palpable purpura | Vascular inflammation and blood vessel involvement | [115] | |
Multicentric reticulohistiocytosis | Papules, nodules, and rapidly evolving arthritis that can affect any joint | Histiocytes with abundant cytoplasm, mild nuclear atypia | [116] | |
Pyoderma gangrenosum | Painful, recurrent, fibrinous, and necrotic ulcer with rapid growth | Necrotic dermal vessels, and a neutrophilic inflammatory infiltrate | [117] |
3.3. Adverse Cutaneous Drug Events in RCC Patients
4. Conclusions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Ene, C.D.; Nicolae, I.; Tampa, M.; Georgescu, S.R.; Ene, C.; Matei, C.; Leulescu, I.M.T.; Mitran, C.I.; Mitran, M.I.; Capusa, C. The Cellular Stress and Cutaneous Manifestations in Renal Cell Carcinomas—A Narrative Review. J. Clin. Med. 2024, 13, 3640. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13133640
Ene CD, Nicolae I, Tampa M, Georgescu SR, Ene C, Matei C, Leulescu IMT, Mitran CI, Mitran MI, Capusa C. The Cellular Stress and Cutaneous Manifestations in Renal Cell Carcinomas—A Narrative Review. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2024; 13(13):3640. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13133640
Chicago/Turabian StyleEne, Corina Daniela, Ilinca Nicolae, Mircea Tampa, Simona Roxana Georgescu, Cosmin Ene, Clara Matei, Iulia Maria Teodora Leulescu, Cristina Iulia Mitran, Madalina Irina Mitran, and Cristina Capusa. 2024. "The Cellular Stress and Cutaneous Manifestations in Renal Cell Carcinomas—A Narrative Review" Journal of Clinical Medicine 13, no. 13: 3640. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13133640
APA StyleEne, C. D., Nicolae, I., Tampa, M., Georgescu, S. R., Ene, C., Matei, C., Leulescu, I. M. T., Mitran, C. I., Mitran, M. I., & Capusa, C. (2024). The Cellular Stress and Cutaneous Manifestations in Renal Cell Carcinomas—A Narrative Review. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 13(13), 3640. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13133640