Age-Adjusted D-Dimer Levels May Improve Diagnostic Assessment for Pulmonary Embolism in COVID-19 Patients
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Laboratory Analysis
2.2. Imaging Studies
2.3. Bova Score Calculation
2.4. Data Storing
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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All N = 456 | PE (−) N = 368 | PE (+) N = 88 | p Value PE (+) vs. PE (−) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | 69 (61–78) | 69 (61–77) | 69 (58–78.5) | 0.98 |
Female (n, %) | 162, 35.5 | 138, 37.5 | 24, 27.3 | 0.7 |
Length of hospitalization (days) | 10 (5–14.5) | 9 (4–14) | 11 (6–15.5) | 0.01 |
CT lung involvement (%) | 40 (20–65) | 40 (20–60) | 47.5 (20–60) | 0.87 |
D-dimer (ng/mL) | 1317 (728–3948) | 1117.5 (625.5–2120) | 6764 (1973–21,548) | <0.001 |
D-dimer/age ratio | 16.9 (7.8–42.6) | 13.8 (6.8–28.7) | 87 (21.9–303.0) | <0.001 |
Troponin T (ng/mL) | 0.027 (0.012–0.087) | 0.027 (0.012–0.086) | 0.027 (0.012–0.09) | 0.66 |
Mortality (n;%) | 120; 26 | 101; 27.4 | 19; 21.5 | 0.26 |
PE (−) N = 368; Death = 101 vs. Survivors = 267 | PE (+) N = 88, Death = 19 vs. Survivors = 69 | |
---|---|---|
Age (years) | 74 (65–82) vs. 67 (58–75), p < 0.001 | 73 (70–81) vs. 66 (55–77), p = 0.006 |
Male (n, %) | 70 (70%) vs. 160 (60%), p = 0.09 | 14 (73%) vs. 50 (72%), p = 0.9 |
Length of follow-up for all (days) | 6 (2–10) vs. 10 (5–15), p < 0.001 | 9 (5–12) vs. 12 (7–16), p = 0.06 |
CT lung involvement (%) | 50 (40–75) vs. 40 (20–60), p < 0.001 | 30 (20–75) vs. 50 (30–60), p = 0.62 |
D-dimer (ng/mL) | 2014 (906–4549) vs. 959 (553–1594), p < 0.001 | 7497 (2326–30,484) vs. 6443 (1921–17,726), p = 0.28 |
Troponin T (ng/mL) | 0.056 (0.024–0.201) vs. 0.02 (0.009–0.059), p < 0.001 | 0.040 (0.026–0.240) vs. 0.024 (0.012–0.08), p = 0.03 |
Mortality (n;%) | 101; 27.4 | 19; 21.5 |
Bova points | NA | 2 (2–3) vs. 2 (1–2), p = 0.04 |
Predictor | PE (+) Patients OR; p-Value | PE (−) Patients OR; p-Value |
---|---|---|
Age (years) | 1.06 (1.00–1.11); 0.04 | 1.07 (1.03–1.08); <0.001 |
CT lung involvement (%) | 0.99 (0.97–1.02); 0.51 | 1.04 (1.02–1.05); <0.001 |
D-dimer (ng/mL) | 1.000 (1.000–1.000); 0.2 | 1.002 (1.0001–1.003); 0.002 |
Troponin T (ng/mL) | 1.06 (0.26–4.30); 0.93 | 1.6 (0.77–3.6); 0.20 |
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Machowski, M.; Polańska, A.; Gałecka-Nowak, M.; Mamzer, A.; Skowrońska, M.; Perzanowska-Brzeszkiewicz, K.; Zając, B.; Ou-Pokrzewińska, A.; Pruszczyk, P.; Kasprzak, J.D. Age-Adjusted D-Dimer Levels May Improve Diagnostic Assessment for Pulmonary Embolism in COVID-19 Patients. J. Clin. Med. 2022, 11, 3298. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm11123298
Machowski M, Polańska A, Gałecka-Nowak M, Mamzer A, Skowrońska M, Perzanowska-Brzeszkiewicz K, Zając B, Ou-Pokrzewińska A, Pruszczyk P, Kasprzak JD. Age-Adjusted D-Dimer Levels May Improve Diagnostic Assessment for Pulmonary Embolism in COVID-19 Patients. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2022; 11(12):3298. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm11123298
Chicago/Turabian StyleMachowski, Michał, Anna Polańska, Magdalena Gałecka-Nowak, Aleksandra Mamzer, Marta Skowrońska, Katarzyna Perzanowska-Brzeszkiewicz, Barbara Zając, Aisha Ou-Pokrzewińska, Piotr Pruszczyk, and Jarosław D. Kasprzak. 2022. "Age-Adjusted D-Dimer Levels May Improve Diagnostic Assessment for Pulmonary Embolism in COVID-19 Patients" Journal of Clinical Medicine 11, no. 12: 3298. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm11123298
APA StyleMachowski, M., Polańska, A., Gałecka-Nowak, M., Mamzer, A., Skowrońska, M., Perzanowska-Brzeszkiewicz, K., Zając, B., Ou-Pokrzewińska, A., Pruszczyk, P., & Kasprzak, J. D. (2022). Age-Adjusted D-Dimer Levels May Improve Diagnostic Assessment for Pulmonary Embolism in COVID-19 Patients. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 11(12), 3298. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm11123298