Decreased Adiponectin Levels in Early Pregnancy Are Associated with High Risk of Prematurity for African American Women
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design and Population
2.2. Data and Blood Sample Collection
2.3. Analytic Assays of Cytokine and Adipokine
2.4. Definition of Pregnancy Outcomes
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Maternal Characteristics and Birth Outcomes in Whole Cohort and by Ethnicity
3.2. Ethnic Differences in Cytokine/Adipokine Concentrations
3.3. Cytokine and Adipokine Levels and Preterm Delivery
3.4. Cytokine/Adipokine Levels with Preeclampsia and GDM
4. Discussion
4.1. Decreased Maternal Adiponectin Level Is Associated with Preterm Delivery
4.2. Ethnic Difference in Adiponectin and Risk of Preterm Delivery
4.3. Decreased Adiponectin Is Associated with GDM and Preeclampsia
4.4. Negative Findings in Other Cytokines with Preterm Birth and Limitations of Current Study
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characteristics | All Participants | African American | Hispanic | Caucasian | p -Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | 1776 | 646 | 853 | 277 | |
Age (years) | 22.00 ± 5.23 | 21.33 ± 4.94 a,b | 22.11 ± 5.18 c | 23.31 ± 5.74 | <0.0001 |
Pre-pregnant BMI (kg/m2) | 25.72 ± 6.28 | 26.08 ± 7.06 c,b | 25.77 ± 6.79 | 24.68 ± 5.62 | <0.01 |
Obese (BMI ≥ 30) | 361 (20.33) | 148 (22.11) | 163 (19.11) | 50 (18.05) | <0.01 |
Gestational age at entry (week) | 13.42 ± 5.18 | 13.76 ± 5.08 d | 13.36 ± 5.34 | 12.84 ± 4.85 | <0.05 |
Gestational age at blood sampling (week) | 16.83 ± 5.47 | 16.92 ± 5.55 d | 16.99 ± 5.54 d | 16.12 ± 5.47 | >0.05 |
Blood pressure (BP) | |||||
Systolic BP | 112.15 ± 11.42 | 113.80 ± 11.74 b | 110.82 ±11.00 d | 112.40 ± 11.40 | <0.001 |
Diastolic BP | 70.28 ± 8.65 | 71.31 ± 9.11 b,d | 69.67 ±8.17 | 69.78 ± 8.74 | <0.001 |
Fasting blood glucose (mg/dL) | 80.23 ± 16.57 | 80.19 ± 17.61 b | 79.88 ±14.87 d | 81.49 ± 18.99 | >0.05 |
Cigarette smoking | 335 (18.86) | 124 (19.20) | 105 (12.31) | 106 (38.27) | <0.0001 |
Nulliparas | 695 (39.13) | 239 (37.00) | 341 (39.98) | 115 (41.52) | >0.05 |
Insurance | |||||
Medicaid | 1742 (98.09) | 642 (99.38) | 853 (100) | 247 (89.17) | |
Other | 50 (2.85) | 4 (0.62) | 0 | 30 (9.39) | <0.0001 |
Characteristics | All Participants | African American | Hispanic | Caucasian | p -Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | 1776 | 646 | 853 | 277 | |
Gestational age at delivery (week) | 38.65 ± 2.25 | 38.55 ± 2.40 | 38.69 ± 2.19 | 38.75 ± 2.07 | >0.05 |
Infant birth weight (g) | 3209 ± 582 | 3128 ± 592 a,b | 3241 ± 568 | 3301 ± 577 | <0.0001 |
Preterm delivery (<37 weeks) | 203 (11.43) | 84 (13.00) | 87 (10.20) | 32 (11.55) | >0.05 |
Early preterm delivery (<34 weeks) | 61 (3.43) | 26 (4.02) | 24 (2.81) | 11 (3.97) | >0.05 |
Late preterm delivery (34–<37 weeks) | 142 (8.00) | 58 (8.98) | 63 (7.39) | 21 (7.58) | >0.05 |
Preeclampsia | 158 (8.90) | 77(11.92) | 56 (6.57) | 25 (9.03) | <0.01 |
Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) | 77 (4.34) | 13 (2.01) | 45 (5.28) | 19 (6.86) | <0.001 |
Cytokine/Adipokine | African American | Hispanic | Caucasian | p for Trend |
---|---|---|---|---|
Entry (n = 1776) | 646 | 853 | 277 | |
Adiponectin (µg/mL) | 16.50 ± 0.35 a,b | 17.95± 0.35 c | 19.62 ± 0.55 | <0.0001 |
Resistin (ng/mL) | 50.13 ± 1.07 d | 45.08 ± 0.93 c | 48.88 ± 1.67 | <0.01 |
GMCSF (pg/mL) | 199.55 ± 10.87 e | 165.43 ± 9.47 | 195.10 ± 16.97 | <0.05 |
IL10 (pg/mL) | 12.66 ± 2.63 | 12.35 ± 2.29 | 11.92 ± 4.11 | >0.05 |
IL8 (pg/mL) | 41.46 ± 4.81 c | 34.95 ± 4.19 c | 23.64 ± 7.51 | >0.05 |
IL6 (pg/mL) | 4.55 ± 0.51 | 4.03 ± 0.45 | 3.33 ± 0.80 | >0.05 |
TNFα (pg/mL) | 11.11 ± 0.60 e | 10.38 ± 0.52 | 9.55 ± 0.93 | >0.05 |
Type of Preterm Delivery | Unadjusted n (%) | AOR (95% CI) b | AOR (95% CI) c |
---|---|---|---|
All participants (n = 1776) | |||
Early preterm | 23 (37.7) | 1.84 (1.07, 3.17) | 1.82 (1.03, 3.21) |
Late preterm | 43 (30.28) | 1.39 (0.94, 2.05) | 1.37 (0.92, 2.03) |
All preterm | 66 (32.51) | 1.46 (1.05, 2.04) | 1.51 (1.09, 2.09) |
Term Delivery | 378 (24.03) | reference | reference |
African American (n = 646) | |||
Early preterm | 13 (50.00) | 2.20 (0.93, 5.17) | 2.04 (0.85, 4.88) |
Late preterm | 24 (41.38) | 1.84 (1.02, 3.30) | 1.89 (1.05, 3.42) |
All preterm | 37 (44.05) | 1.80 (1.10, 2.94) | 1.71 (1.06, 2.75) |
Term Delivery | 176 (31.32) | reference | reference |
Hispanic (n = 853) | |||
Early preterm | 6 (25.00) | 1.11 (0.42, 2.98) | 1.17 (0.44, 3.14) |
Late preterm | 15 (23.81) | 1.02 (0.54, 1.93) | 1.03 (0.54, 1.95) |
All preterm | 21 (24.14) | 0.94 (0.55, 1.62) | 0.84 (0.50, 1.42) |
Term Delivery | 164 (21.41) | reference | reference |
Caucasian (n = 277) | |||
Early preterm | 4 (36.36) | 2.92 (0.76, 11.27) | 3.13 (0.80,12.25) |
Late preterm | 4 (19.05) | 1.09 (0.33, 3.60) | 1.23 (0.37, 4.16) |
All preterm | 8 (25.00) | 1.61 (0.64, 4.02) | 1.79 (0.70, 4.55) |
Term Delivery | 38 (15.51) | reference | reference |
Cytokine/Adipokine | Outcome Variables | Unadjusted n (%) | AOR (95% Cl) |
---|---|---|---|
Adiponectin (<11.34 vs. ≥11.34 µg/mL) | Preeclampsia | 44 (30.34) | 1.45 (1.00, 2.14) b |
GDM | 32 (41.56) | 1.72 (1.05, 2.84) | |
Normal controls | 323 (22.97) | reference | |
IL10 (≥11.29 vs. <11.29 pg/mL) | Preeclampsia | 39 (26.90) | 1.11 (0.76, 1.65) |
GDM | 11 (14.29) | 0.50 (0.26, 0.96) | |
Normal controls | 352 (25.04) | reference | |
TNF-α (≥9.97 vs. <9.97 pg/mL) | Preeclampsia | 40 (27.59) | 1.14 (0.78, 1.69) |
GDM | 18 (23.38) | 0.77 (0.44, 1.35) | |
Normal controls | 346 (24.61) | reference | |
IL6 (≥2.57 vs. <2.57) | Preeclampsia | 30 (20.69) | 0.81 (0.53, 1.24) |
GDM | 19 (24.68) | 0.96 (0.56, 1.64) | |
Normal controls | 351 (24.96) | reference | |
IL8 (≥13.26 vs. <13.26) | Preeclampsia | 32 (22.07) | 0.85 (0.56, 1.29) |
GDM | 23 (29.87) | 1.07 (0.63, 1.82) | |
Normal controls | 351 (24.96) | reference | |
Resistin (≥59.77 vs. <59.77) | Preeclampsia | 34 (23.45) | 0.93 (0.62, 1.40) |
GDM | 18 (23.38) | 0.89 (0.52, 1.55) | |
Normal controls | 352 (25.04) | reference | |
GMCSF (≥212.79 vs. <212.79) | Preeclampsia | 38 (26.21) | 1.00 (0.68, 1.49) |
GDM | 14 (18.80) | 0.70 (0.39, 1.29) | |
Normal controls | 355 (25.25) | reference |
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Lomakova, Y.D.; Chen, X.; Stein, T.P.; Steer, R.A. Decreased Adiponectin Levels in Early Pregnancy Are Associated with High Risk of Prematurity for African American Women. J. Clin. Med. 2022, 11, 3213. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm11113213
Lomakova YD, Chen X, Stein TP, Steer RA. Decreased Adiponectin Levels in Early Pregnancy Are Associated with High Risk of Prematurity for African American Women. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2022; 11(11):3213. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm11113213
Chicago/Turabian StyleLomakova, Yelizavet D., Xinhua Chen, T. Peter Stein, and Robert A. Steer. 2022. "Decreased Adiponectin Levels in Early Pregnancy Are Associated with High Risk of Prematurity for African American Women" Journal of Clinical Medicine 11, no. 11: 3213. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm11113213