Family and Individual Quality of Life in Parents of Children with Developmental Disorders and Diabetes Type 1
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Sample and Settings
2.2. Data Collection
2.2.1. Medical History and Lifestyle Habits
2.2.2. Questionnaires
2.2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Sociodemographic Characteristics of Parents and Family Composition
3.2. Psychological Characteristics of Parents
3.3. Family and Individual Quality of Life in Parents of Children with Chronic Conditions
3.4. Association of Parental Characteristics with Family and Individual Quality of Life
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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CG (N = 82) | DS (N = 36) | ASD(N = 36) | CP(N = 20) | DMT1 (N = 43) | Overall p | Post Hoc Test p-Values ≠ | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Parent’s age (years), M (SD) | 38.4 (5.8) | 41.3 (6.6) | 38.5 (3.7) | 41.0 (7.1) | 40.8 (5.1) | 0.025 † | 0.013CG/DS 0.025CG/DMT1 0.037DS/ASD |
Parent’s gender, N (%) | |||||||
father | 37 (45.1) | 15 (41.7) | 10 (27.8) | 8 (40.0) | 17 (38.6) | 0.528 * | / |
mother | 45 (54.9) | 21 (58.3) | 26 (73.2) | 12 (60.0) | 26 (61.4) | ||
Self-Esteem, M (SD) | 23.3 (4.1) | 20.6 (4.2) | 20.9 (4.0) | 21.5 (3.5) | 22.8 (5.0) | 0.005 † | 0.002CG/DS 0.006CG/ASD |
Optimism, M (SD) | 16.4 (3.1) | 14.5 (4.3) | 15.3 (4.2) | 15.3 (3.6) | 14.5 (3.9) | 0.038 † | 0.012CG/DS 0.008CG/DMT1 |
Anxiety, Me (IQR) | 4 (5) | 3.5 (5) | 5.5 (6) | 4 (6) | 4 (3) | 0.539 * | / |
Depression, M (SD) | 3 (4) | 4 (6) | 5 (6) | 5 (7) | 4 (3) | 0.042 * | 0.011CG/ASD 0.031CG/CP 0.033CG/DMT1 |
Perceived Stress, M (SD) | 14.6 (5.3) | 15.0 (6.0) | 18.1 (5.3) | 16.8 (6.4) | 16.1 (5.2) | 0.021 † | 0.002CG/ASD |
Family Quality of Life, Me (IOR) | |||||||
Family Interaction | 26.0 (5.0) | 24.0 (6.0) | 23.0 (5.0) | 26.5 (5.0) | 27.0 (5.0) | <0.001 * | 0.001CG/DS < 0.001CG/ASD |
Parenting | 25.0 (4.0) | 23.0 (5.0) | 23.0 (3.0) | 25.0 (4.0) | 24.0 (5.0) | <0.001 * | <0.001CG/DS < 0.001CG/ASD |
Emotional Well-being | 16.0 (4.0) | 15.0 (3.0) | 14.0 (5.0) | 14.5 (3.0) | 16.0 (4.0) | <0.001 * | 0.015CG/DS < 0.001CG/ASD |
Physical/Material Well-being | 22.0 (4.0) | 20.0 (4.0) | 19.0 (2.0) | 19.5 (6.0) | 22.0 (3.0) | <0.001 * | 0.003CG/DS < 0.001CG/ASD |
Disability-Related Support | 18.0 (4.0) | 16.0 (3.0) | 16.0 (5.0) | 16.0 (3.0) | 18.0 (4.0) | <0.001 * | 0.007CG/DS < 0.001CG/ASD |
Overall FQOL | 105.0 (18.0) | 100.0 (17.0) | 92.5 (16.0) | 101.0 (17.0) | 109.0 (17.0) | <0.001 * | 0.001CG/DS < 0.001CG/ASD 0.102CG/CP |
Individual Quality of Life, Me (IOR) | |||||||
Physical health | 16.6 (2.9) | 16.3 (2.9) | 15.4 (2.9) | 15.1 (2.9) | 16.6 (2.9) | 0.011 * | 0.007CG/ASD 0.003CG/CP |
Psychological well-being | 16.0 (2.8) | 16.0 (2.5) | 14.7 (3.8) | 16.0 (3.7) | 16.0 (2.0) | 0.019 * | 0.001CG/ASD |
Social relationship | 16.0 (4.0) | 15.3 (2.3) | 14.7 (3.7) | 16.0 (2.3) | 14.7 (2.7) | 0.001 * | 0.002CG/DS < 0.001CG/ASD 0.029CG/DMT1 |
Environmental support | 15.0 (2.5) | 14.7 (3.0) | 13.5 (3.9) | 12.6 (2.9) | 15.0 (3.3) | <0.001 * | 0.009CG/DS < 0.001CG/ASD < 0.001CG/CP |
Individual perception QOL and own health | 16.0 (2.0) | 16.0 (2.0) | 14.0 (3.5) | 16.0 (2.0) | 16.0 (2.0) | 0.001 * | 0.035CG/DS < 0.001CG/ASD 0.038CG/CP |
Family Interaction | Parenting | Emotional Well-Being | Physical/Material Well-Being | Disability-Related Support | Overall | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ß | p | ß | p | ß | p | ß | p | ß | p | ß | p | |
DS | −0.23 | 0.008 | −0.27 | 0.005 | −0.16 | 0.082 | −0.23 | 0.010 | −0.22 | 0.026 | −0.27 | 0.001 |
ASD | −0.21 | 0.008 | −0.32 | <0.001 | −0.32 | <0.001 | −0.30 | <0.001 | −0.44 | <0.001 | −0.38 | <0.001 |
CP | 0.02 | 0.831 | −0.04 | 0.613 | −0.04 | 0.583 | −0.08 | 0.247 | 0.04 | 0.656 | −0.04 | 0.546 |
DMT1 | −0.15 | 0.120 | −0.22 | 0.032 | −0.11 | 0.291 | −0.08 | 0.386 | −0.18 | 0.085 | −0.18 | 0.041 |
Fathers | 0.02 | 0.850 | −0.11 | 0.196 | −0.08 | 0.335 | 0.01 | 0.943 | −0.03 | 0.769 | −0.06 | 0.463 |
Age | −0.05 | 0.488 | −0.02 | 0.844 | −0.12 | 0.140 | −0.04 | 0.561 | −0.05 | 0.669 | −0.06 | 0.344 |
High school | −0.10 | 0.231 | −0.10 | 0.235 | −0.14 | 0.118 | −0.18 | 0.025 | −0.25 | 0.007 | −0.18 | 0.018 |
Monthly income <1400 EUR | −0.20 | 0.015 | −0.18 | 0.042 | −0.07 | 0.416 | −0.01 | 0.893 | 0.00 | 0.983 | −0.12 | 0.115 |
Association’s member (no) | 0.15 | 0.094 | 0.14 | 0.163 | 0.16 | 0.113 | 0.20 | 0.027 | 0.14 | 0.153 | 0.19 | 0.027 |
No active smoking | 0.01 | 0.189 | −0.13 | 0.081 | 0.00 | 0.987 | −0.02 | 0.790 | −0.05 | 0.511 | −0.05 | 0.486 |
Chronic diseases (no) | −0.03 | 0.665 | −0.06 | 0.400 | −0.04 | 0.581 | −0.03 | 0.669 | −0.02 | 0.820 | −0.04 | 0.500 |
Body Mass Index | 0.05 | 0.670 | 0.06 | 0.731 | −0.03 | 0.746 | −0.05 | 0.511 | 0.09 | 0.323 | 0.03 | 0.639 |
Activity | −0.03 | 0.647 | −0.04 | 0.638 | 0.01 | 0.864 | −0.05 | 0.519 | 0.02 | 0.784 | −0.02 | 0.757 |
Mediterranean Diet | 0.17 | 0.012 | 0.05 | 0.475 | 0.03 | 0.648 | 0.00 | 0.951 | 0.00 | 0.993 | 0.07 | 0.275 |
Caring for children (h/d) | 0.21 | 0.004 | 0.21 | 0.006 | 0.20 | 0.010 | 0.20 | 0.005 | 0.11 | 0.144 | 0.23 | 0.001 |
Optimism | 0.11 | 0.149 | 0.09 | 0.271 | −0.06 | 0.450 | 0.09 | 0.236 | 0.03 | 0.714 | 0.07 | 0.335 |
Self-Esteem | 0.38 | <0.001 | 0.23 | 0.013 | 0.16 | 0.090 | 0.13 | 0.141 | 0.04 | 0.648 | 0.24 | 0.003 |
Anxiety | 0.38 | 0.002 | 0.25 | 0.049 | 0.30 | 0.023 | 0.32 | 0.008 | 0.27 | 0.042 | 0.37 | 0.001 |
Depression | −0.08 | 0.493 | −0.26 | 0.045 | −0.25 | 0.059 | −0.31 | 0.012 | −0.10 | 0.457 | −0.23 | 0.042 |
Perceived Stress | −0.36 | 0.001 | −0.15 | 0.183 | −0.39 | 0.001 | −0.38 | 0.001 | −0.41 | 0.001 | −0.41 | <0.001 |
Psychical Health | Psychological Well-Being | Social Relationships | Environment | Individual Perception QOL and Own Health | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ß | p | ß | p | ß | p | ß | p | ß | p | |
DS | −0.02 | 0.766 | 0.01 | 0.840 | 0.01 | 0.593 | −0.03 | 0.685 | −0.02 | 0.772 |
ASD | 0.00 | 0.985 | −0.10 | 0.096 | −0.19 | 0.026 | −0.12 | 0.086 | −0.16 | 0.024 |
CP | −0.04 | 0.536 | 0.01 | 0.862 | 0.01 | 0.917 | −0.16 | 0.010 | −0.13 | 0.040 |
DMT1 | −0.03 | 0.693 | −0.04 | 0.567 | 0.03 | 0.797 | 0.12 | 0.140 | −0.12 | 0.171 |
Parent’s age | 0.03 | 0.473 | 0.01 | 0.900 | −0.07 | 0.370 | −0.05 | 0.411 | −0.13 | 0.051 |
Fathers | −0.10 | 0.190 | −0.07 | 0.253 | −0.05 | 0.567 | −0.08 | 0.271 | −0.14 | 0.061 |
High school | −0.02 | 0.773 | −0.05 | 0.454 | −0.01 | 0.944 | −0.11 | 0.123 | −0.04 | 0.573 |
Monthly income <1400 EUR | 0.00 | 0.966 | −0.04 | 0.559 | 0.03 | 0.686 | 0.19 | 0.009 | 0.02 | 0.806 |
Association’s member (no) | −0.06 | 0.451 | −0.01 | 0.929 | −0.07 | 0.432 | −0.08 | 0.326 | 0.07 | 0.400 |
No active smoking | 0.00 | 0.949 | −0.07 | 0.224 | −0.06 | 0.448 | −0.01 | 0.847 | 0.08 | 0.190 |
Chronic diseases (no) | 0.23 | <0.001 | −0.03 | 0.513 | −0.07 | 0.330 | 0.03 | 0.622 | 0.13 | 0.031 |
Body Mass Index | −0.01 | 0.848 | −0.10 | 0.091 | 0.01 | 0.912 | −0.04 | 0.531 | −0.16 | 0.027 |
Activity | −0.09 | 0.717 | −0.02 | 0.757 | 0.01 | 0.847 | 0.02 | 0.687 | 0.01 | 0.936 |
Mediterranean Diet | 0.11 | 0.081 | 0.06 | 0.246 | 0.06 | 0.419 | 0.16 | 0.007 | 0.01 | 0.870 |
Caring for children (h/d) | 0.06 | 0.393 | 0.06 | 0.256 | 0.18 | 0.018 | 0.01 | 0.932 | 0.09 | 0.141 |
Optimism | −0.09 | 0.213 | 0.06 | 0.321 | 0.05 | 0.532 | 0.05 | 0.502 | 0.25 | 0.001 |
Self-Esteem | 0.27 | 0.001 | 0.59 | <0.001 | 0.42 | <0.001 | 0.26 | 0.001 | 0.17 | 0.027 |
Anxiety | −0.01 | 0.961 | −0.10 | 0.299 | 0.08 | 0.520 | 0.06 | 0.592 | −0.21 | 0.053 |
Depression | −0.22 | 0.053 | 0.05 | 0.626 | 0.04 | 0.766 | −0.10 | 0.346 | 0.05 | 0.643 |
Perceived Stress | −0.26 | 0.012 | −0.22 | 0.008 | −0.19 | 0.102 | −0.35 | <0.001 | −0.23 | 0.018 |
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Ljubičić, M.; Delin, S.; Kolčić, I. Family and Individual Quality of Life in Parents of Children with Developmental Disorders and Diabetes Type 1. J. Clin. Med. 2022, 11, 2861. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm11102861
Ljubičić M, Delin S, Kolčić I. Family and Individual Quality of Life in Parents of Children with Developmental Disorders and Diabetes Type 1. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2022; 11(10):2861. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm11102861
Chicago/Turabian StyleLjubičić, Marija, Sanja Delin, and Ivana Kolčić. 2022. "Family and Individual Quality of Life in Parents of Children with Developmental Disorders and Diabetes Type 1" Journal of Clinical Medicine 11, no. 10: 2861. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm11102861
APA StyleLjubičić, M., Delin, S., & Kolčić, I. (2022). Family and Individual Quality of Life in Parents of Children with Developmental Disorders and Diabetes Type 1. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 11(10), 2861. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm11102861