Combined Cardiac Risk Factors Predict COVID-19 Related Mortality and the Need for Mechanical Ventilation in Coptic Clergy
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Study Design and Patients
2.2. Cardiovascular Risk Factor Assessment
2.3. Clinical Events
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Demographic and Clinical Indices for Clergy with COVID-19
3.2. Demographic and Clinical Data of Clergy with and without AH
3.3. Geographical Impact on Clinical Events
3.4. Distribution of Cardiac Risk Factors among Clergy with and without Adverse Clinical Events
3.5. Predictors of COVID-19-Related Adverse Clinical Events
4. Discussion
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable | Clergy | Clergy AH- | Clergy AH+ | p |
---|---|---|---|---|
(n = 213) | (n = 136) | (n = 77) | Value | |
Demographic and Clinical Data | ||||
Age (years) | 49.6 ± 12 | 46.3 ± 11 | 56.1± 11 | <0.001 |
BMI (m/kg2) | 31.9 ± 6.2 | 31.5 ± 6.3 | 33.1 ± 5.9 | 0.09 |
SBP (mmHg) | 127 ± 13 | 121 ± 8.5 | 135 ± 14 | <0.001 |
DBP (mmHg) | 83 ± 9.1 | 81 ± 6.6 | 87 ± 11 | <0.001 |
Underweight (n, %) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0.91 |
Normal weight (n, %) | 17 (7.9) | 12 (9.3) | 5 (6.3) | 0.12 |
Overweight (n, %) | 74 (34.7) | 54 (39.7) | 20 (15.5) | 0.02 |
Obese (n, %) | 122 (57.3) | 70 (51.7) | 52 (68.2) | 0.04 |
DM (n, %) | 59 (27.7) | 26 (19.1) | 33 (43.2) | 0.001 |
Dyslipidemia | 68 (31.9) | 22 (16.4) | 46 (60.6) | 0.001 |
CHD (n, %) | 20 (9.4) | 10 (7.4) | 10 (13.6) | 0.04 |
Family history of CHD (n, %) | 22 (10.3) | 10 (7.4) | 12 (15.6) | 0.01 |
Family history of stroke (n, %) | 16 (7.5) | 6 (4.76) | 10 (10.3) | 0.04 |
Variable | Clergy | Clergy AH- | Clergy AH+ | p |
---|---|---|---|---|
(n = 213) | (n = 136) | (n = 77) | Value | |
Outcome data | ||||
Home treatment (n, %) | 171 (80.2) | 110 (81.6) | 61 (78.7) | 0.55 |
Hospital treatment (n, %) | 36 (16.9) | 21 (15.4) | 15 (19.7) | 0.23 |
Intensive care (n, %) | 17 (7.9) | 11 (8.3) | 6 (8.3) | 0.81 |
Prevalence (%) | 13.6 | 10.2 | 20.1 | 0.001 |
Mechanical ventilator (n, %) | 15 (7.1) | 8 (5.9) | 7 (9.1) | 0.09 |
Death (n, %) | 10 (4.69) | 5 (3.68) | 5 (6.49) | 0.058 |
Variable | EU +USA | Northern Egypt | Southern Egypt | p |
---|---|---|---|---|
(n = 31) | (n = 136) | (n = 46) | Value | |
Death (n, %) | 0 (0) | 7 (5.22) | 3 (6.51) a,b | 0.001 |
Clergy AH- | 0 (0%) | 4 (4.71) | 2 (6.21) a,b | 0.01 |
Clergy AH+ | 0 (0%) | 3 (5.88) | 1 (7.10) a,b | 0.02 |
Variable | Univariate Predictors | p | Multivariate Predictors | p |
---|---|---|---|---|
OR (95% CI) | Value | OR (95% CI) | Value | |
Mortality | ||||
Diabetes | 0.845 (0.045 to 2.896) | 0.02 | 1.003 (0.202 to 3.804) | 0.09 |
Obesity | 2.301 (1.002 to 4.094) | 0.03 | 3.403 (1.902 to 4.694) | 0.04 |
AH | 0.918 (0.103 to 2.191) | 0.04 | 1.403 (0.802 to 4.001) | 0.23 |
Dyslipidemia | 1.031 (0.007 to 4.019) | 0.11 | 2.003 (1.002 to 4.309) | 0.33 |
CHD | 1.219 (1.098 to 3.004) | 0.001 | 1.607 (0.982 to 3.051) | 0.02 |
Family history for CHD | 0.605 (0.025 to 4.106) | 0.21 | ||
Family history for stroke | 0.729 (0.171 to 2.649) | 0.42 | ||
Diabetes | 0.845 (0.045 to 2.896) | 0.02 | 0.146 (0.013 to 1.189) | 0.08 |
Obesity | 2.301 (1.002 to 4.094) | 0.03 | 3.174 (0.254 to 9.679) | 0.31 |
AH | 0.918 (0.103 to 2.191) | 0.04 | 0.587 (0.003 to 5.191) | 0.63 |
Dyslipidemia | 1.031 (0.007 to 4.019) | 0.11 | 0.707 (0.101 to 4.201) | 0.63 |
CHD | 1.219 (1.098 to 3.004) | 0.001 | 0.936 (1.082 to 8.517) | 0.86 |
Model * | 2.400 (0.509 to 1.400) | 0.001 | 3.991 (1.919 to 6.844) | 0.002 |
Mechanical ventilation | ||||
Diabetes | 0.641 (0.077 to 3.377) | 0.51 | 0.641 (0.077 to 3.377) | 0.63 |
Obesity | 3.872 (1.771 to 10.72) | 0.01 | 3.872 (1.771 to 10.72) | 0.01 |
AH | 2.347 (1.197 to 4.501) | 0.03 | 2.347 (1.197 to 4.501) | 0.23 |
Dyslipidemia | 1.056 (0.310 to 3.594) | 0.87 | 1.056 (0.310 to 3.594) | 0.77 |
CHD | 5.321 (1.410 to 9.908) | 0.01 | 5.321 (1.410 to 9.908) | 0.01 |
Diabetes | 0.641 (0.077 to 3.377) | 0.51 | 0.209 (0.027 to 1.616) | 0.13 |
Obesity | 3.872 (1.771 to 10.72) | 0.01 | 1.358 (0.273 to 6.748) | 0.27 |
AH | 2.347 (1.197 to 4.501) | 0.03 | 0.067 (0.007 to 1.145) | 0.06 |
Dyslipidemia | 1.056 (0.310 to 3.594) | 0.87 | 0.098 (0.010 to 7.104) | 0.81 |
CHD | 5.321 (1.410 to 9.908) | 0.01 | 3.235 (0.451 to 23.19) | 0.24 |
Model ** | 1.807 (0.750 to 2.991) | <0.001 | 1.501 (0.809 to 6.108) | 0.001 |
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Henein, M.Y.; Bytyçi, I.; Nicoll, R.; Shenouda, R.; Ayad, S.; Cameli, M.; Vancheri, F. Combined Cardiac Risk Factors Predict COVID-19 Related Mortality and the Need for Mechanical Ventilation in Coptic Clergy. J. Clin. Med. 2021, 10, 2066. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm10102066
Henein MY, Bytyçi I, Nicoll R, Shenouda R, Ayad S, Cameli M, Vancheri F. Combined Cardiac Risk Factors Predict COVID-19 Related Mortality and the Need for Mechanical Ventilation in Coptic Clergy. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2021; 10(10):2066. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm10102066
Chicago/Turabian StyleHenein, Michael Y., Ibadete Bytyçi, Rachel Nicoll, Rafik Shenouda, Sherif Ayad, Matteo Cameli, and Federico Vancheri. 2021. "Combined Cardiac Risk Factors Predict COVID-19 Related Mortality and the Need for Mechanical Ventilation in Coptic Clergy" Journal of Clinical Medicine 10, no. 10: 2066. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm10102066