Conversion of Waste Oil from Oil Refinery into Emulsion Liquid Membrane for Removal of Phenol: Stability Evaluation, Modeling and Optimization
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Experimental Procedure
2.2. RSM Model Development and Analysis
2.3. ANN Model Design and Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. RSM Modeling and Forecasting Performance Evaluating
3.2. Effects of Different Variables on the Stability of WELM
3.3. ANN Modeling and Assessment
4. Comparison of RSM and ANN Models
- Before establishing RSM model, experiments must be designed and analyzed to obtain the model. The ANN model can be established based on the data that is already available.
- The interaction effects and degrees of multiple variable factors can be obtained through the establishment of the RSM model. However, the establishment of the ANN model is a “black box” model establishment process, and it is difficult to compare and analyze the effect of variables on the results intuitively.
- The RSM model can be obtained with fewer experimental data. The predictability of the model established by the ANN method will be significantly improved when the input experimental data increased.
5. Conclusions
- The concentration of Span-80, liquid paraffin, internal-oil ratio, and the rotational speed of homogenizer have significant effect on the demulsification rate of the WELM.
- The removal rate of phenol from purified water of sour water stripper by WELM were higher than 85%.
- The 3D response surface figures of the variables interactive effect on the demulsification rate were obtained by response surface analysis, and combined with the p value in the analysis of variance table, it can be found that the interaction effect between the concentration of Span-80 and the rotational speed of homogenizer, the concentration of liquid paraffin and the internal-oil ratio on demulsification rate are significant, and other interaction effects are negligible.
- The RSM and ANN models have predictability for the demulsification rate of the ELM, and the RSM model is better. Under the optimal conditions, the demulsification rate is only 0.481%, which shows high stability and provides the best conditions for subsequent WELM recycling.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Properties | Water Content (%) | Flash Point (°C) | Ignition Temperature (°C) | Condensation Point (°C) | Mechanical Impurities (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Value | 0.76 | 94 | 98 | 18 | 0.47 |
Variables | Code | Levels | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
−1 | 0 | 1 | ||
Span-80 (wt.%) | Z1 | 1 | 5.5 | 10 |
liquid paraffin ((%(v/v)) | Z2 | 3 | 9 | 15 |
internal-oil ratio | Z3 | 2 | 6 | 10 |
rotational speed of homogenizer (rpm) | Z4 | 1000 | 5500 | 10,000 |
Source | Sum of Squares | f | Mean Square | F-Value | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Model | 69.28 | 4 | 4.95 | 201.69 | <0.0001 |
A-span80 | 22.56 | 1 | 22.56 | 919.45 | <0.0001 |
B-liquid paraffin | 0.7201 | 1 | 0.7201 | 29.35 | <0.0001 |
C-internal-oil ratio | 17.05 | 1 | 17.05 | 695.08 | <0.0001 |
D-speed | 4.81 | 1 | 4.81 | 196.18 | <0.0001 |
AB | 0.0613 | 1 | 0.0613 | 2.50 | 0.1361 |
AC | 0.0005 | 1 | 0.0005 | 0.0220 | 0.8842 |
AD | 0.9652 | 1 | 0.9652 | 39.34 | <0.0001 |
BC | 0.9196 | 1 | 0.9196 | 37.48 | <0.0001 |
BD | 0.0507 | 1 | 0.0507 | 2.06 | 0.1727 |
CD | 0.0249 | 1 | 0.0249 | 1.01 | 0.3311 |
A2 | 12.56 | 1 | 12.56 | 511.81 | <0.0001 |
B2 | 4.20 | 1 | 4.20 | 171.36 | <0.0001 |
C2 | 0.0009 | 1 | 0.0009 | 0.0373 | 0.8496 |
D2 | 10.53 | 1 | 10.53 | 429.26 | <0.0001 |
Residual | 0.3435 | 1 | 0.0245 | - | - |
Lack of Fit | 0.3148 | 0 | 0.0315 | 4.40 | 0.0832 |
Pure Error | 0.0286 | 4 | 0.0072 | - | - |
Cor Total | 69.62 | 8 | - | - | - |
Number of Hidden Layer Neurons | MSE (The Best Validation Performance) | R (All Data) |
---|---|---|
4 | 0.0252 | 0.97041 |
5 | 0.0000846 | 0.96366 |
6 | 0.0000580 | 0.98383 |
7 | 0.0000632 | 0.98697 |
8 | 0.0000632 | 0.97247 |
9 | 0.0000845 | 0.9765 |
10 | 0.0000309 | 0.9941 |
Operation | A | B | C | D |
---|---|---|---|---|
Span-80 (wt%) | Liquid Paraffin (%v/v) | Internal-Oil Ratio | Rotational Speed of Homogenizer (rpm) | |
1 | 5.5 | 9 | 10 | 1000 |
2 | 5.5 | 9 | 6 | 5500 |
3 | 5.5 | 9 | 6 | 5500 |
4 | 1 | 15 | 6 | 5500 |
5 | 5.5 | 3 | 6 | 1000 |
6 | 5.5 | 15 | 2 | 5500 |
7 | 5.5 | 15 | 6 | 10,000 |
8 | 5.5 | 9 | 6 | 5500 |
9 | 5.5 | 9 | 10 | 10,000 |
10 | 5.5 | 3 | 6 | 10,000 |
11 | 5.5 | 9 | 2 | 10,000 |
12 | 5.5 | 15 | 10 | 5500 |
13 | 1 | 9 | 10 | 5500 |
14 | 5.5 | 9 | 2 | 1000 |
15 | 1 | 9 | 6 | 10,000 |
16 | 1 | 9 | 6 | 1000 |
17 | 10 | 9 | 2 | 5500 |
18 | 10 | 15 | 6 | 5500 |
19 | 10 | 9 | 6 | 1000 |
20 | 5.5 | 9 | 6 | 5500 |
21 | 5.5 | 9 | 6 | 5500 |
22 | 10 | 3 | 6 | 5500 |
23 | 10 | 9 | 6 | 10,000 |
24 | 5.5 | 15 | 6 | 1000 |
25 | 1 | 3 | 6 | 5500 |
26 | 5.5 | 3 | 2 | 5500 |
27 | 5.5 | 3 | 10 | 5500 |
28 | 1 | 9 | 2 | 5500 |
29 | 10 | 9 | 10 | 5500 |
Model | RSM | ANN |
---|---|---|
R2 | 0.9951 | 0.9882 |
RMSE | 0.1050 | 0.1694 |
MAE | 0.08178 | 0.06847 |
Model | S(%) | Error(%) |
---|---|---|
RSM | 0.536 | 11.4% |
ANN | 0.545 | 13.3% |
Experimental value | 0.481 | - |
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Wang, D.; Wang, Q.; Zhang, X.; Liu, T.; Zhang, H. Conversion of Waste Oil from Oil Refinery into Emulsion Liquid Membrane for Removal of Phenol: Stability Evaluation, Modeling and Optimization. Membranes 2022, 12, 1202. https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes12121202
Wang D, Wang Q, Zhang X, Liu T, Zhang H. Conversion of Waste Oil from Oil Refinery into Emulsion Liquid Membrane for Removal of Phenol: Stability Evaluation, Modeling and Optimization. Membranes. 2022; 12(12):1202. https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes12121202
Chicago/Turabian StyleWang, Dan, Qingji Wang, Xiaofei Zhang, Taoran Liu, and Hua Zhang. 2022. "Conversion of Waste Oil from Oil Refinery into Emulsion Liquid Membrane for Removal of Phenol: Stability Evaluation, Modeling and Optimization" Membranes 12, no. 12: 1202. https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes12121202