Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices (KAP) toward the COVID-19 Vaccine in Oman: A Pre-Campaign Cross-Sectional Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design and Participants
2.2. Sample Size Calculation
2.3. Questionnaire and Data Collection
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Sociodemographic Characteristics
3.2. Knowledge of COVID-19 Disease
3.3. Knowledge of the COVID-19 Vaccine and the Scores of the Sources of Information
3.4. Attitudes toward the COVID-19 Vaccine
3.5. Practices toward the COVID-19 Vaccine
3.6. Factors Associated with Willingness to Take the COVID-19 Vaccine among the Public in Oman
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
References
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Section A: Demographic Characteristic | Total No. | Weighted Mean (SD) and Percentage | Total No. and Proportion of General Population |
---|---|---|---|
Age mean (SD) | 3000 | 27.38 (45.10) | 4,471,148 |
Gender | |||
Male | 2280 | 76.01% | 61.3% |
Female | 720 | 23.99% | 38.7% |
Governorate | |||
Muscat | 846 | 28.22% | 29.1% |
Dhofar | 282 | 9.41% | 9.3% |
Musandam | 36 | 1.20% | 1.1% |
Al Buraymi | 84 | 2.79% | 2.7% |
Ad Dakhiliyah | 322 | 10.74% | 10.7% |
N. Batinah | 537 | 17.90% | 17.5% |
S. Batinah | 320 | 10.66% | 10.4% |
S. Sharqiyah | 210 | 7.00% | 7.1% |
N. Sharqiyah | 179 | 5.98% | 6.1% |
Al Dahirah | 149 | 4.96% | 4.8% |
Al Wusta | 34 | 1.14% | 1.2% |
Nationality | |||
Omani | 2000 | 66.67% | 61.1% |
Non-Omani | 1000 | 33.30% | 38.9% |
Education | |||
Illiterate | 239 | 8.04% | |
Pre-secondary school | 1639 | 54.64% | |
Post-secondary school and higher education | 1118 | 37.32% | |
Working | |||
Yes | 2142 | 71.39% | 67.4% |
Government | 819 | 27.30% | |
Private | 1217 | 40.57% | |
Family | 102 | 3.40% | |
Other | 3 | 0.12% | |
Not working | 857 | 28.60% | 32.5% |
Job seekers | 212 | 7.10% | |
Housewife | 295 | 9.80% | |
Full-time student | 101 | 3.40% | |
Retired | 204 | 6.80% | |
Unable to work | 12 | 0.40% | |
Unwilling to work | 7 | 0.20% | |
My work has stopped due to the pandemic | 26 | 0.90% | |
History of chronic disease | |||
No | 2512 | 83.70% | |
Yes | 488 | 16.30% |
Section B: Knowledge of COVID-19 out of 3000 Responders | Weighted Mean | Weighted SD |
---|---|---|
Knowledge rating regarding awareness of COVID-19 symptoms | 7.80 | 1.96 |
Information rating about the transmission methods of COVID-19 | 7.90 | 2.05 |
Knowledge rating regarding the correct way to act in the event you have symptoms of COVID-19 | 8.27 | 1.98 |
Rating knowledge about the most high-risk group and complications of COVID-19 | 7.76 | 2.18 |
Rating knowledge for reducing the risk of developing COVID-19 | 8.40 | 1.86 |
Section C: Knowledge Regarding the COVID-19 Vaccine and News Source Scores out of 2652 Responders | N | Weighted% |
---|---|---|
Heard about the COVID-19 vaccine | 2645 | 88 |
Think that the COVID-19 vaccine is safe with some side effects | 453 | 17 |
Think that the COVID-19 vaccine protects from getting COVID-19 | 1363 | 52 |
Think it not possible to get COVID-19 even after taking the COVID-19 vaccine | 1097 | 42 |
Think it possible to give the COVID-19 vaccine to a person with a history of COVID-19 | 1164 | 44 |
Think it is not possible to give the COVID-19 vaccine to a person suffering from COVID-19 | 763 | 29 |
Think that fever, slight swelling, and redness at the injection site are the side effects of the COVID-19 vaccine | 684 | 26 |
Think that the COVID-19 vaccine is given in 2 doses | 1192 | 45 |
Factors | Sub-Category | Crude Odds Ratio (95% CI) | Adjusted Odds Ratio (95% CI) |
---|---|---|---|
39–40 | Ref. | ||
Age group | 18–30 | 0.96 (0.81–1.13) | |
51–65 | 1.17 (0.92–1.49) | ||
Over 65 | 1.87 (0.80–4.87) | ||
Sex | Male | Ref. | |
Female | 2.37 (2.00–2.81) | 0.493 (0.403–0.602) | |
Region | MUSCAT | Ref. | |
Al Dahirah | 1.41 (1.03–1.94) | 1.577 (1.132–2.197) | |
Al Dakhiliyah | 1.27 (0.99–1.64) | 1.485 (1.135–1.942) | |
Al Wusta | 1.10 (0.62–1.95) | 0.885 (0.493–1.588) | |
Dhofar | 0.78 (0.59–1.04) | 0.756 (0.566–1.01) | |
Musandam | 0.94 (0.58–1.54) | 0.967 (0.585–1.598) | |
Al Buraymi | 1.26 (0.82–1.94) | 1.294 (0.83–2.018) | |
N. Batinah | 1.03 (0.81–1.33) | 1.155 (0.888–1.502) | |
N. Sharqiyah | 0.87 (0.65–1.17) | 1.009 (0.744–1.37) | |
S. Batinah | 1.05 (0.8–1.37) | 1.201 (0.907–1.591) | |
S. Sharqiyah | 0.76 (0.57–1.02) | 0.833 (0.613–1.131) | |
Nationality | Omani | Ref | |
Non-Omani | 0.49 (0.42–0.57) | 1.956 (1.5952.397) | |
Level of education | Illiterate | Ref | |
Post-secondary school and higher education | 0.75 (0.57–0.99) | 0.992 (0.73–1.349 | |
Pre-secondary school | 0.89 (0.67–1.16) | 1.071 (0.802–1.431) | |
Working | Not working | Ref | |
Working | 1.72 (1.47–2.02) | ||
Sector where working | Government | 1.16 (0.92–1.46) | 0.921 (0.716–1.186) |
Private | 1.7 (1.36–2.12) | 0.871 (0.663–1.144) | |
Business | 1.11 (0.73–1.69) | 0.618 (0.391–0.976) | |
Other | 0.68 (0.52–0.89) | 0.666 (0.504–0.879) | |
History of chronic disease | Healthy | Ref | |
Chronic Disease | 1.30 (1.06–1.58) | 1.415 (1.147–1.746) | |
From those who have a chronic disease * | DM | 1.69 (1.28–2.23) | |
HTN | 1.27 (0.95–1.71) | ||
Obesity | 1.15 (0.19–8.73) | ||
Immunocompromised | 0.57 (0.11–2.61) | ||
Renal disease | 0.92 (0.28–3.19) | ||
Heart disease | 0.82 (0.38–1.78) | ||
Asthma | 0.93 (0.5–1.73) | ||
Pregnant | 0.13 (0.03–0.37) | ||
Knowledge regarding COVID-19 | Rating COVID-19 symptom awareness | 1.06 (1.02–1.09) | |
Rating COVID-19 transmission methods awareness | 1.04 (1.00–1.07) | ||
Rating COVID-19 attitude if showing symptoms awareness | 1.00 (0.96–1.03) | ||
Rating COVID-19 high-risk group complications awareness | 1.00 (0.97–1.03) | ||
Rating ways to reduce the risk of developing COVID-19 awareness | 1.01 (0.97–1.05) | ||
Knowledge regarding the COVID-19 vaccine | |||
Have you heard about the vaccine? | No | Ref | |
Yes | 1.10 (0.87–1.39) | ||
Don’t know | 1.31 (0.68–2.59) | ||
Source of information | MOH | 1.20 (0.94–1.54) | |
International health organization | 1.14 (0.81–1.61) | ||
Friends | 2.07 (1.54–2.8) | ||
Neighbors | 1.54 (0.90–2.75) | ||
Social gathering | 1.38 (0.99–1.94) | ||
Health care worker | 1.19 (0.66–2.21) | ||
Social media | 0.85 (0.73–0.98) | ||
Newspaper | 1.07 (0.75–1.53) | ||
Radio | 0.96 (0.76–1.22) | ||
Television | 1.02 (0.88–1.17) | ||
Is the COVID-19 vaccine safe? | It is safe and without side effects | 1.13 (0.92–1.39) | |
It is safe and with some side effects | 4.90 (4.01–6.03) | ||
It is not safe and with obvious side effects | 0.15 (0.11–0.20) | ||
Don’t know | 0.66 (0.57–0.76) | ||
Can the COVID-19 vaccine protect you from getting COVID-19? | No | Ref | |
Yes | 8.20 (6.51–10.37) | ||
Don’t know | 2.57 (2.05–3.24) | ||
Can contract COVID-19 even after taking the COVID-19 vaccine? | No | Ref | |
Yes | 0.44 (0.36–0.54) | ||
Don’t know | 0.42 (0.34–0.51) | ||
Can the COVID-19 vaccine be given if have a history of COVID-19 infection? | No | Ref | |
Yes | 2.45 (2.02–2.97) | ||
Don’t know | 1.50 (1.24–1.82) | ||
Can the COVID-19 vaccine be given while suffering from COVID-19? | No | Ref | |
Yes | 1.81 (1.50–2.18) | ||
Don’t know | 1.19 (0.99–1.43) | ||
What are the side effects that the COVID-19 vaccine can cause? | Fever, slight swelling, and redness at the injection site | Ref | |
No side effects | 4.41 (2.89–6.99) | ||
Don’t know | 0.72 (0.60–0.86) | ||
How many doses of the COVID-19 vaccine should you receive? | One dose | Ref | |
Two doses | 1.45 (1.13–1.85) | ||
Don’t know | 0.87 (0.68–1.10) | ||
Attitude | |||
Do you have any concerns about receiving the COVID-19 vaccine? | No | Ref | |
Yes | 0.08 (0.07–0.10) | ||
Don’t know | 0.18 (0.13–0.25) | ||
Concern due to | Yes | Ref | |
Media effect | 0.31 (0.21–0.46) | ||
Personal effect | 0.12 (0.10–0.15) | ||
Personal doubts about effect and safety | 0.29 (0.17–0.46) |
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Al-Marshoudi, S.; Al-Balushi, H.; Al-Wahaibi, A.; Al-Khalili, S.; Al-Maani, A.; Al-Farsi, N.; Al-Jahwari, A.; Al-Habsi, Z.; Al-Shaibi, M.; Al-Msharfi, M.; et al. Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices (KAP) toward the COVID-19 Vaccine in Oman: A Pre-Campaign Cross-Sectional Study. Vaccines 2021, 9, 602. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9060602
Al-Marshoudi S, Al-Balushi H, Al-Wahaibi A, Al-Khalili S, Al-Maani A, Al-Farsi N, Al-Jahwari A, Al-Habsi Z, Al-Shaibi M, Al-Msharfi M, et al. Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices (KAP) toward the COVID-19 Vaccine in Oman: A Pre-Campaign Cross-Sectional Study. Vaccines. 2021; 9(6):602. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9060602
Chicago/Turabian StyleAl-Marshoudi, Sabria, Haleema Al-Balushi, Adil Al-Wahaibi, Sulien Al-Khalili, Amal Al-Maani, Noura Al-Farsi, Adhari Al-Jahwari, Zeyana Al-Habsi, Maryam Al-Shaibi, Mahfoodh Al-Msharfi, and et al. 2021. "Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices (KAP) toward the COVID-19 Vaccine in Oman: A Pre-Campaign Cross-Sectional Study" Vaccines 9, no. 6: 602. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9060602
APA StyleAl-Marshoudi, S., Al-Balushi, H., Al-Wahaibi, A., Al-Khalili, S., Al-Maani, A., Al-Farsi, N., Al-Jahwari, A., Al-Habsi, Z., Al-Shaibi, M., Al-Msharfi, M., Al-Ismaili, A., Al-Buloshi, H., Al-Rawahi, B., Al-Barwani, K., & Al-Abri, S. (2021). Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices (KAP) toward the COVID-19 Vaccine in Oman: A Pre-Campaign Cross-Sectional Study. Vaccines, 9(6), 602. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9060602