Attitudes toward Vaccination against COVID-19 in Poland. A Longitudinal Study Performed before and Two Months after the Commencement of the Population Vaccination Programme in Poland
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Methods
2.2. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Participants
3.2. Approach to Vaccination
3.3. Influencing Factors
3.4. Analysis of Concerns Related to Vaccination against COVID-19
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable | Stage I (n = 463) | Stage II (n = 1559) | p | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age | 18–29 | 183 (39.5%) | 774 (49.7%) | <0.001 |
30–39 | 131 (28.3%) | 457 (29.3%) | ||
40–59 | 127 (27.4%) | 277 (17.8%) | ||
≥60 | 22 (4.8%) | 51 (3.3%) | ||
Gender | Male | 114 (24.6%) | 265 (17%) | 0.002 |
Female | 349 (75.4%) | 1294 (83%) | ||
Place of residence | Rural area | 96 (20.7%) | 340 (21.8%) | 0.184 |
City <50,000 residents | 87 (18.8%) | 264 (16.9%) | ||
City of 50,000–250,000 residents | 103 (22.3%) | 291 (18.7%) | ||
City >250,000 residents | 177 (38.2%) | 664 (42.6%) | ||
Level of education | Primary | 1 (0.2%) | 10 (0.6%) | 0.267 |
Lower secondary | 5 (1%) | 8 (0.5%) | ||
Vocational | 18 (3.9%) | 40 (2.6%) | ||
Secondary education | 136 (29.5%) | 462 (29.6%) | ||
University degree | 303 (65.4%) | 1039 (66.7%) | ||
Relationship status | Married | 212 (45.8%) | 688 (44.1%) | 0.845 |
Civil partnership/Informal relationship | 147 (31.8%) | 504 (32.4%) | ||
I am not in a relationship | 104 (22.4%) | 367 (23.5%) | ||
Healthcare professional | Yes | 108 (23.3%) | 313 (20.8%) | 0.131 |
No | 355 (76.7%) | 1246 (79.2%) | ||
COVID-19 diagnosis | In the course of the illness | 5 (1%) | 22 (1.4%) | 0.472 |
Convalescent | 69 (15%) | 265 (17%) | ||
Has not been ill | 389 (84%) | 1271 (81.6%) | ||
Chronic conditions | Yes | - | 529 (34%) | - |
No | - | 1030 (66%) | ||
Person vaccinated against COVID-19 | Yes | - | 422 (27.3%) | - |
No | - | 1033 (72.7%) |
Attitudes and Concerns to Cavvination against COVID-19 | December 2020 | March 2021 | p | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Willingness to vaccinate against COVID-19 * | Yes, as soon as possible | 171 (36.9%) | 507 (44.7%) | 0.001 |
Yes, but only in a few months | 52 (11.2%) | 66 (5.9%) | ||
Yes, but in a year or more | 12 (2.6%) | 22 (1.5%) | ||
No, but I might consider it in the future | 81 (17.5%) | 209 (18.5%) | ||
No, never | 113 (24.4%) | 254 (22.4%) | ||
I cannot make a decision | 34 (7.3%) | 77 (6.8%) | ||
Concerns over vaccination against COVID-19 | Vaccine adverse event | 240 (51.8%) | 741 (47.5%) | 0.265 |
Lack of proper testing of vaccines | 235 (50.8%) | 593 (38.1%) | <0.001 | |
Improper transport/storage | 122 (26.4%) | 209 (13.4%) | <0.001 | |
Lack of effectiveness | 91 (21.2%) | 430 (27.6%) | 0.022 | |
Other | 13 (2.8%) | 98 (6.3%) | 0.015 | |
I have no concerns | 57 (12.5%) | 443 (28.4%) | <0.001 | |
The pandemic is a conspiracy | 66 (14.3%) | 149 (9.6%) | 0.015 | |
Past vaccinations | Yes, only mandatory | 251 (52.2%) | 920 (59%) | 0.744 |
Yes, mandatory and recommended | 188 (40.6%) | 572 (36.7%) | ||
No | 24 (5.2%) | 67 (4.3%) |
Variable | Willingness to Get Vaccinated against COVID-19 * (* n = 1598) n (%) | Mandatory Vaccinations (n = 1559) n (%) | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Yes, as Soon as Possible | Yes, but Only in a Few Months | Yes, but in a Year or More | No, but I Might Consider It in the Future | No, Never | I Cannot Make a Decision | p | Yes | No | I Do not Have an Opinion | p | ||
Gender | Female | 554 (43.9) | 94 (7.5) | 28 (2.2) | 226 (17.9) | 262 (20.7) | 98 (7.8) | <0.001 | 529 (40.9) | 518 (40.0) | 247 (19.1) | <0.001 |
Male | 124 (37) | 24 (7.2) | 6 (1.8) | 64 (19.1) | 104 (31) | 13 (3.9) | 93 (35.2) | 140 (53.0) | 31 (11.7) | |||
Age | 18–29 | 299 (37) | 57 (7.05) | 20 (2.5) | 181 (22.4) | 189 (23.4) | 63 (7.8) | <0.001 | 275 (35.5) | 364 (37.0) | 135 (17.5) | 0.004 |
30–39 | 207 (46.6) | 35 (7.9) | 10 (2.3) | 61 (13.8) | 104 (23.4) | 27 (6.0) | 193 (42.3) | 175 (38.4) | 88 (19.3) | |||
40–59 | 131 (47.0) | 24 (8.6) | 4 (1.4) | 43 (15.4) | 61 (21.9) | 16 (5.8) | 132 (47.7) | 97 (35.0) | 48 (17.3) | |||
≥60 | 41 (63.1) | 2 (3.1) | 0 (0.0) | 5 (7.7) | 12 (18.4) | 5 (7.7) | 22 (43.1) | 22 (43.1) | 7 (13.8) | |||
Place of residence | Rural area | 124 (33.9) | 24 (6.6) | 7 (2) | 69 (18.9) | 110 (30.0) | 32 (8.7) | <0.001 | 114 (33.5) | 165 (48.6) | 61 (17.9) | 0.004 |
City <50,000 residents | 100 (37.2) | 23 (8.6) | 4 (1.5) | 54 (20.1) | 63 (23.4) | 25 (9.3) | 104 (39.4) | 106 (40.1) | 54 (20.5) | |||
City of 50,000–250,000 residents | 121 (38.2) | 24 (7.6) | 8 (2.5) | 59 (18.6) | 85 (26.8) | 20 (6.3) | 104 (35.7) | 136 (46.7) | 51 (17.5) | |||
City > 250,000 residents | 333 (51.6) | 47 (7.3) | 15 (2.3) | 108 (16.7) | 108 (16.7) | 34 (5.3) | 300 (45.2) | 251 (37.9) | 112 (16.9) | |||
Education | Primary | 4 (36.4) | 3 (27.3) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (9.1) | 2 (18.2) | 1 (9.1) | <0.001 | 3 (30) | 6 (60) | 1 (10) | 0.029 |
Lower secondary | 6 (46.2) | 1 (7.7) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 6 (46.2) | 0 (0.0) | 4 (50) | 3 (37.5) | 1 (12.5) | |||
Vocational | 13 (24.5) | 1 (1.9) | 1 (1.9) | 6 (11.3) | 28 (52.8) | 4 (7.6) | 9 (22.5) | 21 (52.5) | 10 (25) | |||
Secondary education | 201 (37.8) | 31 (5.8) | 10 (1.9) | 101 (19.0) | 147 (27.6) | 42 (7.9) | 167 (36.2) | 221 (48) | 73 (15.8) | |||
University degree | 454 (46.0) | 82 (8.3) | 23 (2.3) | 182 (18.4) | 183 (18.5) | 64 (6.5) | 439 (42.6) | 407 (39.2) | 193 (18.6) | |||
Relationship status | Married | 325 (48.5) | 51 (7.6) | 13 (1.9) | 105 (15.7) | 139 (20.8) | 37 (5.5) | 0.003 | 307 (44.7) | 255 (37.1) | 125 (18.2) | 0.005 |
Civil partnership/Informal relationship | 190 (35.5) | 36 (6.7) | 14 (2.6) | 114 (21.3) | 140 (26.2) | 41 (7.7) | 180 (35.7) | 234 (46.4) | 90 (17.9) | |||
I am not in a relationship | 163 (41.6) | 31 (7.9) | 7 (1.8) | 71 (18.1) | 87 (22.2) | 33 (8.4) | 135 (36.8) | 169 (46.1) | 63 (17.1) | |||
Healthcare professional | Yes | 90 (47.4) | 18 (9.5) | 4 (2.1) | 38 (20.0) | 25 (13.2) | 15 (7.9) | 0.031 | 162 (51.8) | 94 (30.0) | 57 (18.2) | <0.001 |
No | 588 (41.8) | 100 (7.1) | 30 (2.1) | 252 (17.9) | 341 (24.2) | 96 (6.8) | 460 (37.0) | 564 (45.3) | 221 (17.8) | |||
COVID-19 | In the course of the illness | 15 (60.0) | 2 (8.00) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (8.0) | 5 (20.0) | 1 (4.0) | 0.056 | 10 (45.5) | 8 (36.4) | 4 (18.2) | 0.517 |
Convalescent | 94 (38.2) | 22 (8.9) | 3 (1.2) | 63 (25.6) | 47 (19.1) | 17 (6.9) | 95 (35.9) | 115 (43.4) | 55 (20.8) | |||
Has not been ill | 569 (42.9) | 94 (7.1) | 31 (2.3) | 225 (17.0) | 314 (23.7) | 93 (7.0) | 517 (40.7) | 535 (42.1) | 219 (17.2) | |||
Past vaccinations (n = 1133) | Yes, only mandatory | 308 (32.4) | 59 (6.2) | 18 (1.9) | 214 (22.5) | 275 (29.0) | 76 (8.0) | <0.001 | 172 (24.6) | 402 (57.6) | 124 (17.8) | <0.001 |
Yes, mandatory and recommended | 357 (62.9) | 54 (9.5) | 16 (2.8) | 67 (11.8) | 42 (7.4) | 32 (5.6) | 185 (48.7) | 56 (14.6) | 139 (36.7) | |||
No | 13 (16.5) | 5 (6.3) | 0 (0.0) | 9 (11.4) | 49 (62.0) | 3 (3.8) | 13 (23.6) | 38 (69.1) | 4 (7.3) | |||
Chronic conditions (n = 1133) | Yes | 191 (50.3) | 19 (5.0) | 8 (2.11) | 60 (15.8) | 77 (20.3) | 25 (6.7) | 0.155 | 239 (45.2) | 197 (37.2) | 93 (17.6) | |
No | 315 (41.8) | 47 (6.2) | 14 (1.9) | 149 (19.9) | 176 (23.4) | 52 (6.9) | 383 (37.2) | 461 (44.9) | 185 (18.0) |
Type of Concern | Stage I (n = 194) n (%) | Stage II (n = 463) n (%) |
---|---|---|
Vaccine adverse event | 122 (62.9) | 301 (65.1) |
Lack of proper testing of vaccines | 137 (70.6) | 343 (74.1) |
Improper transport/storage | 42 (21.6) | 65 (14.0) |
Lack of effectiveness | 59 (30.4) | 208 (44.9) |
Other | 5 (2.3) | 59 (12.7) |
I have no concerns | 2 (1) | 25 (5.4) |
The pandemic is a conspiracy | 65 (33.5) | 137 (29.6) |
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Babicki, M.; Mastalerz-Migas, A. Attitudes toward Vaccination against COVID-19 in Poland. A Longitudinal Study Performed before and Two Months after the Commencement of the Population Vaccination Programme in Poland. Vaccines 2021, 9, 503. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9050503
Babicki M, Mastalerz-Migas A. Attitudes toward Vaccination against COVID-19 in Poland. A Longitudinal Study Performed before and Two Months after the Commencement of the Population Vaccination Programme in Poland. Vaccines. 2021; 9(5):503. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9050503
Chicago/Turabian StyleBabicki, Mateusz, and Agnieszka Mastalerz-Migas. 2021. "Attitudes toward Vaccination against COVID-19 in Poland. A Longitudinal Study Performed before and Two Months after the Commencement of the Population Vaccination Programme in Poland" Vaccines 9, no. 5: 503. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9050503