Prevalence and Potential Determinants of COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy and Resistance in Qatar: Results from a Nationally Representative Survey of Qatari Nationals and Migrants between December 2020 and January 2021
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Setting
2.2. Sample Design and Participants
2.3. Procedures
2.4. Measures
3. Statistical Analysis
4. Results
5. Discussion
6. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Appendix A.1. Sample Size Calculation
Appendix A.2. Phone Interview Outcomes and Response Rates
Phone Interview Status | Frequency |
---|---|
Total sample | 8323 |
Completed | 1038 |
Not completed | 7285 |
Eligible cellphone | 874 |
Ineligible cellphone | 5116 |
Unknown eligibility | 1258 |
Response rate (RR1) | 31.57 |
Response rate (RR2) | 44.41 |
Appendix A.3. Sampling Weights
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Variables | Frequency (n) | Unweighted Percentages (%) | Weighted Percentages (%) |
---|---|---|---|
Migrant Status/Type | |||
Qataris (Non-migrants) | 171 | 16.5 | 19.6 |
White-collar migrants | 689 | 66.4 | 57.1 |
Blue-collar migrants | 178 | 17.1 | 23.3 |
Education Level | |||
Undergraduate or less | 895 | 86.5 | 87.5 |
Graduate/Professional | 140 | 13.5 | 12.5 |
Gender | |||
Male | 709 | 68.3 | 66.7 |
Female | 329 | 31.7 | 33.3 |
Age Group (Years) | |||
18–29 | 201 | 19.9 | 23.1 |
30–34 | 180 | 17.8 | 18.3 |
35–39 | 201 | 19.9 | 19.1 |
40+ | 428 | 42.4 | 39.5 |
Marital Status | |||
Married | 759 | 73.3 | 68.8 |
Separated/Divorced/Widowed | 48 | 4.6 | 5.2 |
Never married | 228 | 22.0 | 26.0 |
Employment Status | |||
Unemployed | 240 | 23.2 | 24.1 |
Employed | 796 | 76.8 | 75.9 |
Ethnicity | |||
Arab | 579 | 55.8 | 54.1 |
Non-Arab | 459 | 44.2 | 45.9 |
Living Arrangement | |||
Live with Others | 863 | 83.1 | 83.0 |
Live Alone | 175 | 16.9 | 17.0 |
Depression or Anxiety 1 | |||
Yes | 81 | 8.02 | 8.5 |
No | 928 | 92.0 | 91.5 |
Chronic Disease 2 | |||
Yes | 268 | 25.8 | 24.5 |
No | 770 | 74.2 | 75.5 |
COVID-19 Status 3 | |||
Yes | 85 | 8.2 | 7.9 |
No | 953 | 91.8 | 92.1 |
COVID-19 Related Death 4 | |||
Yes | 134 | 12.9 | 12.1 |
No | 904 | 87.1 | 87.9 |
Quarantine Status 5 | |||
Yes | 229 | 22.1 | 22.2 |
No | 809 | 77.9 | 77.8 |
COVID-19 Infection Concerns 6 | |||
Not at all concerned | 184 | 19.5 | 20.4 |
Not too concerned | 159 | 16.8 | 16.1 |
Somewhat concerned | 307 | 32.5 | 30.6 |
Very concerned | 295 | 31.2 | 32.9 |
Willing to Get the Vaccine 7 | |||
Accepting Group | 430 | 42.0 | 42.7 |
Hesitant Group | 475 | 46.4 | 45.2 |
Resistant Group | 118 | 11.5 | 12.1 |
Explanatory Variables | Willingness to Get the Vaccine 11 (%) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Accepting | Hesitant | Resistant | p-Value * | ||
Migrant Status/Type | Qataris (non-migrants) | 10.8 | 21.1 | 43.5 | <0.0001 |
White-collar migrants | 57.8 | 61.7 | 41.8 | ||
Blue-collar migrants | 31.4 | 17.2 | 14.7 | ||
Education Level | Undergraduate or less | 84.5 | 88.0 | 94.7 | 0.010 |
Graduate/Professional | 15.5 | 12.0 | 5.3 | ||
Gender | Male | 77.5 | 61.5 | 44.9 | <0.0001 |
Female | 22.5 | 38.5 | 55.1 | ||
Age Group (Years) | 18–29 | 20.9 | 22.6 | 33.4 | 0.003 |
30–34 | 15.8 | 23.2 | 8.8 | ||
35–39 | 19.7 | 19.1 | 16.9 | ||
40+ | 43.7 | 35.6 | 40.9 | ||
Marital Status | Ever married | 73.3 | 74.9 | 74.8 | 0.889 |
Never married | 26.7 | 25.1 | 25.2 | ||
Employment Status | Unemployed | 15.8 | 28.0 | 38.4 | <0.0001 |
Employed | 84.2 | 72.0 | 61.6 | ||
Ethnicity | Arab | 36.6 | 65.0 | 76.0 | <0.0001 |
Non-Arab | 63.4 | 35.0 | 24.0 | ||
Living Arrangement | Live with others | 77.1 | 87.1 | 87.6 | 0.001 |
Live alone | 22.9 | 12.9 | 12.4 | ||
Depression or Anxiety 1 | Yes | 5.8 | 9.6 | 14.3 | 0.018 |
No | 94.2 | 90.4 | 85.7 | ||
Chronic Disease 2 | Yes | 24.6 | 22.7 | 32.1 | 0.125 |
No | 75.4 | 77.3 | 67.9 | ||
COVID-19 Status 3 | Yes | 7.8 | 7.8 | 9.5 | 0.819 |
No | 92.2 | 92.2 | 90.5 | ||
COVID-19 Related Death 4 | Yes | 11.9 | 13.7 | 8.9 | 0.337 |
No | 88.1 | 86.3 | 91.1 | ||
Quarantine Status 5 | Yes | 23.0 | 22.3 | 20.5 | 0.848 |
No | 77.0 | 77.7 | 79.5 | ||
COVID-19 Infection Concerns 6 | Not at all/Not too concerned | 33.1 | 35.3 | 50.0 | <0.0001 |
Somewhat concerned | 25.6 | 37.3 | 25.8 | ||
Very concerned | 41.3 | 27.4 | 24.2 | ||
Effective COVID-19 Containment in Qatar 7 | Strongly agree | 88.9 | 76.9 | 75.3 | <0.0001 |
Somewhat agree or disagree/Neutral | 11.1 | 23.2 | 24.7 | ||
Strongly agree | 30.2 | 40.2 | 68.8 | <0.0001 | |
COVID-19 Vaccine Side-Effects Are of Concern 8 | Somewhat agree | 38.6 | 43.6 | 6.0 | |
Neutral | 1.9 | 2.2 | 1.0 | ||
Somewhat disagree | 10.8 | 9.5 | 3.8 | ||
Strongly disagree | 18.5 | 4.5 | 20.5 | ||
COVID-19 Vaccine Should Be Mandatory 9 | Strongly agree | 65.3 | 9.8 | 3.6 | <0.0001 |
Somewhat agree | 21.3 | 34.6 | 5.0 | ||
Neutral | 1.7 | 5.0 | 1.5 | ||
Somewhat disagree | 8.0 | 28.1 | 8.4 | ||
Strongly disagree | 3.7 | 22.5 | 81.5 | ||
Endorsement Source for Vaccine 10 | My doctor | 27.7 | 22.3 | 12.5 | <0.0001 |
Ministry of Health | 36.4 | 25.7 | 5.9 | ||
WHO | 14.3 | 12.0 | 5.4 | ||
Positive feedback from Friends/Family | 5.2 | 8.9 | 3.7 | ||
Scientific research | 11.5 | 20.5 | 6.0 | ||
Other | 4.8 | 5.1 | 7.6 | ||
I will not accept vaccine | 0.2 | 5.6 | 58.9 |
Variables | Reference Category | Fully Adjusted Model Willingness to Get Vaccine | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Hesitant Versus Accepting | Resistant Versus Accepting | ||||||
RRR | 95% CI | p-Value | RRR | 95% CI | p-Value * | ||
Age Group | 18–29 | ||||||
30–34 | 1.72 | 0.98–3.03 | 0.061 | 0.69 | 0.26–1.80 | 0.443 | |
35–39 | 1.16 | 0.65–2.07 | 0.622 | 0.83 | 0.33–2.08 | 0.696 | |
40+ | 0.72 | 0.42–1.27 | 0.263 | 0.59 | 0.25–1.41 | 0.236 | |
Gender | Male | ||||||
Female | 1.57 | 1.06–2.33 | 0.023 | 3.43 | 1.87–6.28 | <0.0001 | |
Migrant Status/Type White-collar migrants | Qataris (non-migrant) | 0.68 | 0.39–1.17 | 0.163 | 0.32 | 0.16–0.67 | 0.002 |
Blue-collar migrants | 0.49 | 0.25–0.94 | 0.032 | 0.32 | 0.12–0.87 | 0.025 | |
Ethnicity Arab | Non-Arab | 3.11 | 2.15–4.49 | <0.0001 | 4.20 | 2.09–8.47 | <0.0001 |
Education level | Undergrad or less | ||||||
Graduate/Professional | 0.78 | 0.50–1.21 | 0.270 | 0.44 | 0.16–1.21 | 0.111 | |
Employment status | Unemployed | ||||||
Employed | 0.94 | 0.60–1.47 | 0.779 | 1.18 | 0.61–2.31 | 0.619 | |
Marital status | Ever married | ||||||
Never married | 0.89 | 0.55–1.41 | 0.614 | 1.07 | 0.51–2.26 | 0.850 | |
Living arrangement | Live with Others | ||||||
Live alone | 0.68 | 0.44–1.05 | 0.083 | 1.08 | 0.50–2.35 | 0.843 | |
Depression or anxiety 1 Yes | No | 1.10 | 0.57–2.11 | 0.778 | 1.30 | 0.54–3.09 | 0.558 |
Chronic disease 2 Yes | No | 0.83 | 0.56–1.29 | 0.351 | 1.16 | 0.62–2.16 | 0.637 |
Quarantine status 3 Yes | No | 0.82 | 0.54–1.23 | 0.340 | 0.54 | 0.26–1.11 | 0.096 |
COVID-19 related death 4 Yes | No | 1.18 | 0.73–1.88 | 0.500 | 0.66 | 0.26–1.66 | 0.380 |
COVID-19 infection concerns 5 | |||||||
Somewhat/Very concerned | Not concerned at all/Not too concerned | 1.01 | 0.72–1.43 | 0.938 | 0.48 | 0.27–0.83 | 0.009 |
COVID-19 vaccine side-effects are of concern 6 | |||||||
Somewhat agree or disagree/Neutral Strongly agree | Strongly disagree | 5.69 8.28 | 3.06–10.59 4.32–15.90 | <0.0001 <0.0001 | 0.53 6.30 | 0.21–1.34 2.81–14.13 | 0.178 <0.0001 |
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Khaled, S.M.; Petcu, C.; Bader, L.; Amro, I.; Al-Hamadi, A.M.H.A.; Al Assi, M.; Ali, A.A.M.; Le Trung, K.; Diop, A.; Bellaj, T.; et al. Prevalence and Potential Determinants of COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy and Resistance in Qatar: Results from a Nationally Representative Survey of Qatari Nationals and Migrants between December 2020 and January 2021. Vaccines 2021, 9, 471. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9050471
Khaled SM, Petcu C, Bader L, Amro I, Al-Hamadi AMHA, Al Assi M, Ali AAM, Le Trung K, Diop A, Bellaj T, et al. Prevalence and Potential Determinants of COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy and Resistance in Qatar: Results from a Nationally Representative Survey of Qatari Nationals and Migrants between December 2020 and January 2021. Vaccines. 2021; 9(5):471. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9050471
Chicago/Turabian StyleKhaled, Salma M., Catalina Petcu, Lina Bader, Iman Amro, Aisha Mohammed H. A. Al-Hamadi, Marwa Al Assi, Amal Awadalla Mohamed Ali, Kien Le Trung, Abdoulaye Diop, Tarek Bellaj, and et al. 2021. "Prevalence and Potential Determinants of COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy and Resistance in Qatar: Results from a Nationally Representative Survey of Qatari Nationals and Migrants between December 2020 and January 2021" Vaccines 9, no. 5: 471. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9050471