Differences in COVID-19 Vaccine Acceptance, Hesitancy, and Confidence between Healthcare Workers and the General Population in Japan
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Sample and Data Collection
2.2. Measures
2.2.1. Assessment of COVID-19 Vaccine Acceptance and Hesitancy
2.2.2. Assessment of General Vaccine Confidence and Literacy
2.2.3. Factors Associated with Vaccine Acceptance or Hesitancy
2.2.4. Assessment of Sociodemographic Factors
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characteristic | General Population (n = 6180) | Healthcare Workers (n = 1030) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | % | n | % | ||
Sex | Women | 3090 | 50.0 | 725 | 70.4 |
Age group (years) | 20–29 | 1030 | 16.7 | 80 | 7.8 |
30–39 | 1030 | 16.7 | 282 | 27.4 | |
40–49 | 1030 | 16.7 | 326 | 31.7 | |
50–59 | 1030 | 16.7 | 244 | 23.7 | |
60–69 | 2060 | 33.3 | 98 | 9.5 | |
State of emergency * | 4036 | 65.3 | 561 | 54.5 | |
Healthcare workers | Doctor | 120 | 11.7 | ||
Nurse | 369 | 35.8 | |||
Pharmacist | 135 | 13.1 | |||
Physical /occupational therapist | 131 | 12.7 | |||
Medical clerk | 275 | 26.7 | |||
Marital status | Married | 3836 | 62.1 | 665 | 64.6 |
Have children | 3561 | 57.6 | 625 | 60.7 | |
Annual household income | <4 million yen | 1736 | 28.1 | 140 | 13.6 |
≥4 million yen | 2996 | 48.5 | 636 | 61.7 | |
Not sure | 1448 | 23.4 | 254 | 24.7 | |
Educational level | High school graduate | 2010 | 32.5 | 108 | 10.5 |
College or more | 4170 | 67.5 | 922 | 89.5 | |
Obesity (BMI ≥ 30) | 1239 | 20.0 | 172 | 16.7 | |
Comorbidity | Present | 2049 | 33.2 | 302 | 29.3 |
Smoking status | Current smoker | 1038 | 16.8 | 113 | 11.0 |
Having a history of influenza vaccination | |||||
2020/21 season | Present | 2867 | 46.4 | 872 | 84.7 |
2019/20 season | Present | 2566 | 41.5 | 857 | 83.2 |
Age | 2935 | 47.5 | 503 | 48.8 | |
Comorbidity | 3671 | 59.4 | 645 | 62.6 | |
Occupation | 1732 | 28.0 | 560 | 54.4 | |
Vaccination fee | 1906 | 30.8 | 239 | 23.2 | |
Doctors’ recommendation | 1257 | 20.3 | 160 | 15.5 | |
Vaccine effectiveness | 3719 | 60.2 | 673 | 65.3 | |
Duration of vaccine effectiveness | 2372 | 38.4 | 481 | 46.7 | |
Frequency of adverse events | 3698 | 59.8 | 680 | 66.0 | |
Family recommendation | 275 | 4.4 | 48 | 4.7 | |
COVID-19 epidemic situation | 2057 | 33.3 | 361 | 35.0 |
General Population (n =6180) | Doctor (n = 120) | Nurse (n = 369) | Pharmacist (n = 135) | Therapist (n = 131) | Medical Clerk (n = 275) | p-Value * | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n(%) | n(%) | n(%) | n(%) | n(%) | n(%) | |||
When a vaccine for COVID-19 becomes available, I will get vaccinated | ||||||||
Hesitant | Strongly disagree | 339(5.5) | 6(5.0) | 25(6.8) | 7(5.2) | 4(3.1) | 26(9.5) | 0.069 |
Disagree | 743(12.0) | 8(6.7) | 43(11.7) | 16(11.9) | 14(10.7) | 33(12.0) | ||
Not sure | Neither agree nor disagree | 2095(33.9) | 41(34.2) | 133(36.0) | 45(33.3) | 48(36.6) | 104(37.8) | |
Acceptance | Agree | 2164(35.0) | 40(33.3) | 114(30.9) | 46(34.1) | 52(39.7) | 89(32.4) | |
Strongly agree | 839(13.6) | 25(20.8) | 54(14.6) | 21(15.6) | 13(9.9) | 23(8.4) | ||
I will get vaccinated when everyone gets a vaccine for COVID-19 | ||||||||
Hesitant | Strongly disagree | 259(4.2) | 4(3.3) | 21(5.7) | 6(4.4) | 3(2.3) | 18(6.5) | 0.125 |
Disagree | 559(9.0) | 7(5.8) | 34(9.2) | 12(8.9) | 13(9.9) | 20(7.3) | ||
Not sure | Neither agree nor disagree | 1665(26.9) | 37(30.8) | 109(29.5) | 37(27.4) | 34(26.0) | 90(32.7) | |
Acceptance | Agree | 2719(44.0) | 50(41.7) | 145(39.3) | 59(43.7) | 70(53.4) | 117(42.5) | |
Strongly agree | 978(15.8) | 22(18.3) | 60(16.3) | 21(15.6) | 11(8.4) | 30(10.9) |
Hesitant (n = 1264) | Not sure (n = 2466) | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Crude | Adjusted *** | Crude | Adjusted *** | ||||||
OR | (95%CI) | OR | (95%CI) | OR | (95%CI) | OR | (95%CI) | ||
Sex | Women | 1.55 | (1.36–1.76) | 1.57 | (1.35–1.82) | 1.17 | (1.02–1.34) | 1.53 | (1.63–1.72) |
Age group (years) | 20–29 | 1.83 | (1.49–2.25) | 1.39 | (1.08–1.80) | 1.31 | (1.11–1.54) | 1.01 | (0.83–1.24) |
30–39 | 2.11 | (1.74–2.56) | 2.01 | (1.60–2.53) | 1.68 | (1.44–1.96) | 1.49 | (1.25–1.78) | |
40–49 | 2.03 | (1.67–2.47) | 1.80 | (1.44–2.24) | 1.67 | (1.44–1.95) | 1.43 | (1.20–1.69) | |
50–59 | 1.60 | (1.31–1.95) | 1.45 | (1.16–1.0) | 1.36 | (1.16–1.58) | 1.19 | (1.01–1.41) | |
60–69 | 1.00 | (reference) | 1.00 | (reference) | 1.00 | (reference) | 1.00 | (reference) | |
State of emergency * | 1.12 | (0.98–1.28) | 1.09 | (0.94–1.25) | 1.04 | (0.93–1.16) | 1.03 | (0.92–1.15) | |
Population | General | 1.00 | (reference) | 1.00 | (reference) | 1.00 | (reference) | 1.00 | (reference) |
Doctor | 0.60 | (0.34–1.07) | 1.23 | (0.67–2.26) | 0.90 | (0.61–1.34) | 1.56 | (1.03–2.37) | |
Nurse | 1.12 | (0.84–1.50) | 1.39 | (1.00–1.92) | 1.14 | (0.90–1.43) | 1.21 | (0.94–1.56) | |
Pharmacist | 0.95 | (0.59–1.54) | 1.27 | (0.76–2.11) | 0.96 | (0.66–1.41) | 1.15 | (0.77–1.71) | |
Therapist | 0.77 | (0.45–1.30) | 1.31 | (0.88–1.94) | 1.06 | (0.73–1.54) | 1.31 | (0.88–1.94) | |
Medical clerk | 1.46 | (1.06–2.02) | 1.39 | (0.98–1.98) | 1.33 | (1.01–1.75) | 1.18 | (0.89–1.58) | |
Marital status | married | 0.72 | (0.63–0.82) | 0.98 | (0.82–1.17) | 0.81 | (0.72–0.90) | 0.92 | (0.80–1.06) |
Have children | 0.65 | (0.57–0.74) | 0.92 | (0.82–1.17) | 0.79 | (0.71–0.88) | 0.98 | (0.85–1.14) | |
House income | ≥4 million yen | 0.83 | (0.73–0.95) | 0.88 | (0.76–1.02) | 0.87 | (0.78–0.97) | 0.93 | (0.83–1.04) |
Educational level | College or more | 1.06 | (0.92–1.23) | 1.10 | (0.94–128) | 0.94 | (0.84–1.06) | 0.97 | (0.86–1.09) |
Obesity (** BMI ≥ 30) | 0.79 | (0.66–0.94) | 0.89 | (0.74–1.07) | 0.88 | (0.78–1.00) | 1.03 | (0.89–1.18) | |
Comorbidity | Present | 0.68 | (0.59–0.78) | 0.99 | (0.85–1.16) | 0.65 | (0.58–0.73) | 0.80 | (0.71–1.16) |
Current smoker | 0.72 | (0.60–0.87) | 0.69 | (0.57–0.85) | 0.95 | (0.82–1.09) | 0.94 | (.82–1.10) | |
Having history of influenza vaccination | |||||||||
2020/21 season | Present | 2.12 | (2.21–2.87) | 2.27 | (1.87–2.75) | 1.82 | (1.64–2.02) | 1.65 | (1.42–1.92) |
2019/20 season | Present | 2.17 | (1.90–2.48) | 1.38 | (1.14–1.68) | 1.66 | (1.50–1.84) | 1.25 | (1.08–1.46) |
Factors to decide whether to take COVID-19 vaccine | |||||||||
Age | 0.56 | (0.49–0.64) | 0.94 | (0.78–1.12) | 0.67 | (0.61–0.75) | 0.82 | (0.71–0.94) | |
Comorbidity | 0.53 | (0.47–0.61) | 0.71 | (0.59–0.84) | 0.73 | (0.66–0.82) | 0.92 | (0.80–1.06) | |
Occupation | 0.65 | (0.56–0.75) | 0.87 | (0.73–1.04) | 0.94 | (0.75–0.94) | 0.97 | (0.84–1.10) | |
Vaccination fee | 0.58 | (0.50–0.68) | 0.60 | (0.51–0.72) | 0.92 | (0.82–1.03) | 0.89 | (0.79–1.01) | |
Doctors’ recommendation | 0.57 | (0.47–0.68) | 0.83 | (0.68–1.00) | 0.79 | (0.69–0.89) | 0.93 | (0.81–1.07) | |
Vaccine effectiveness | 0.60 | (0.53–0.68) | 0.62 | (0.53–0.74) | 0.90 | (0.81–1.00) | 0.85 | (0.74–0.97) | |
Duration of vaccine effectiveness | 0.58 | (0.50–0.66) | 0.75 | (0.63–0.89) | 0.79 | (0.71–0.87) | 0.78 | (0.68–0.89) | |
Frequency of adverse event | 1.08 | (0.94–1.23) | 2.02 | (1.71–2.38) | 1.24 | (1.11–1.38) | 1.64 | (1.44–1.87) | |
Families’ recommendation | 0.44 | (0.30–0.64) | 0.76 | (0.51–1.13) | 0.63 | (0.49–0.81) | 0.77 | (0.59–1.01) | |
Epidemic situation of COVID-19 | 0.58 | (0.50–0.67) | 0.76 | (0.64–0.89) | 0.87 | (0.78–0.97) | 0.97 | (0.85–1.09) |
General Population | Doctor | Nurse | Pharmacist | Therapist | Medical Clerk | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(n = 6180) | (n = 120) | (n = 369) | (n = 135) | (n = 131) | (n = 275) | ||
1 Vaccines are important for my health | 59.1 | 68.3 | 67.8 | 74.1 | 62.6 | 59.3 | <0.001 |
2 Vaccines are effective | 63.8 | 72.5 | 68.8 | 72.6 | 67.9 | 62.5 | 0.028 |
3 My vaccination is important for the health of others in my community | 61.0 | 69.2 | 64.0 | 71.1 | 55.7 | 59.3 | 0.032 |
4 New vaccines carry more risks than older vaccines (R) | 44.1 | 36.7 | 53.1 | 59.3 | 42.7 | 50.9 | <0.001 |
5 I am concerned about serious adverse effects of vaccines (R) | 67.7 | 46.7 | 69.1 | 75.6 | 67.9 | 73.8 | <0.001 |
6 I do not need vaccines for diseases that are not common anymore (R) | 13.3 | 8.3 | 12.7 | 10.4 | 13.0 | 9.8 | 0.291 |
7 Vaccines are safe | 22.0 | 29.2 | 21.1 | 25.2 | 23.7 | 16.4 | 0.079 |
8 Serious adverse reactions may occur due to the vaccination (R) | 57.3 | 78.3 | 66.9 | 77.0 | 56.5 | 63.3 | <0.001 |
9 I have difficulty getting immunized (no time, far medical institutions, etc.) (R) | 22.1 | 15.8 | 17.6 | 25.2 | 12.2 | 14.5 | <0.001 |
10 We do not necessary to take voluntary vaccination (R) | 22.2 | 11.7 | 17.6 | 14.8 | 16.8 | 17.5 | 0.001 |
11 I do not take vaccine, if everyone around me is immunized (R) | 8.7 | 10.0 | 9.2 | 11.9 | 9.2 | 5.8 | 0.42 |
12 It is easy to obtain correct information on immunization | 23.5 | 39.2 | 35.2 | 42.2 | 23.7 | 27.3 | <0.001 |
13 It is easy to understand why immunization is needed. | 49.4 | 67.5 | 55.8 | 61.5 | 51.9 | 51.6 | <0.001 |
14 I have been able to accurately understand the vaccinations I have received | 34.5 | 70.0 | 51.8 | 57.8 | 42.7 | 37.5 | <0.001 |
Sex and age adjusted score. Mean (95% confidence intervals) | 43.9 (43.7–44.0) | 47.3 (46.2–48.3) | 46 (45.3–46.6) | 45.9 (44.9–47.0) | 45.5 (44.4–16.5) | 45.0 (44.3–45.7) | <0.001 |
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Hara, M.; Ishibashi, M.; Nakane, A.; Nakano, T.; Hirota, Y. Differences in COVID-19 Vaccine Acceptance, Hesitancy, and Confidence between Healthcare Workers and the General Population in Japan. Vaccines 2021, 9, 1389. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9121389
Hara M, Ishibashi M, Nakane A, Nakano T, Hirota Y. Differences in COVID-19 Vaccine Acceptance, Hesitancy, and Confidence between Healthcare Workers and the General Population in Japan. Vaccines. 2021; 9(12):1389. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9121389
Chicago/Turabian StyleHara, Megumi, Motoki Ishibashi, Atsushi Nakane, Takashi Nakano, and Yoshio Hirota. 2021. "Differences in COVID-19 Vaccine Acceptance, Hesitancy, and Confidence between Healthcare Workers and the General Population in Japan" Vaccines 9, no. 12: 1389. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9121389