Understanding the Improvement in Full Childhood Vaccination Coverage in Ethiopia Using Oaxaca–Blinder Decomposition Analysis
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Source of Data
2.2. Outcome Variables
2.3. Explanatory Variables
2.4. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Descriptive Statistics
3.2. Oaxaca–Blinder Decomposition Analysis
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable | EDHS 2000 (N = 2129 ‡) % | EDHS 2016 (N = 2004 ‡) % | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|
Mother’s age | |||
<20 | 6.0 | 4.2 | 0.190 |
20–34 | 71.8 | 73.2 | |
35–49 | 22.2 | 22.6 | |
Educational level of mother | |||
No education | 79.7 | 62.7 | <0.001 |
Primary and above primary | 20.3 | 37.3 | |
Mother’s employment status | |||
Not working | 37.6 | 54.3 | <0.001 |
Working | 62.4 | 45.7 | |
Religion | |||
Muslim | 30.3 | 39.2 | 0.001 |
Christian and Others | 69.7 | 60.8 | |
Place of Residence | |||
Rural | 89.7 | 88.4 | 0.415 |
Urban | 10.3 | 11.6 | |
Exposure to Media | |||
Not exposed | 90.5 | 81.1 | <0.001 |
Exposed | 9.5 | 18.9 | |
Antenatal care use (≥4 visits) | |||
No | 89.5 | 66.8 | <0.001 |
Yes | 10.5 | 33.2 | |
Delivery place | |||
Home | 95.3 | 63.4 | <0.001 |
Health Facility | 4.7 | 36.6 | |
Administrative region | |||
Developing regions § | 95.2 | 90.9 | <0.001 |
Emerging regions §§ | 3.0 | 6.1 | |
Addis Ababa & Dire Dawa §§§ | 1.8 | 3.1 | |
Wealth quintile | |||
Poorest | 21.4 | 25.2 | 0.434 |
Poorer | 20.8 | 19.8 | |
Middle | 21.6 | 22.5 | |
Richer | 19.6 | 18.3 | |
Richest | 16.6 | 14.4 | |
Sex of Child | |||
Male | 51.8 | 46.2 | 0.018 |
Female | 48.2 | 53.8 | |
Educational level of partner | |||
No education | 62.3 | 47.6 | <0.001 |
Primary and above primary | 37.7 | 52.4 | |
Full childhood vaccination coverage | 14.3 | 38.5 | <0.001 |
Estimate [95% CI] | |
---|---|
Predicted full vaccination coverage for EDHS2016 | 0.394 [0.354, 0.434] *** |
Predicted full vaccination coverage for EDHS2000 | 0.142 [0.122, 0.162] *** |
Difference | 0.252 [0.207, 0.296] *** |
Due to the change in composition of the variables | 0.066 [0.037, 0.096] *** |
Due to the change in effect of variables and constant term | 0.186 [0.134, 0.238] *** |
Variable | Composition of the Variables † | Effect of Variables and the Constant Term † | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Absolute Contribution | % Share †† | Absolute Contribution | % Share †† | |
Maternal age | ||||
<20 | −0.001 [−0.002, 0.001] | −0.2 | 0.000 [−0.005, 0.005] | 0.0 |
20–34 | 0.000 [−0.001, 0.001] | −0.1 | −0.003 [−0.051, 0.045] | −1.3 |
35–49 | 0.000 [−0.001, 0.000] | 0.0 | 0.000 [−0.019, 0.018] | −0.1 |
Maternal education | 0.015 [0.006, 0.024] ** | 5.9 | −0.016 [−0.040, 0.007] | −6.5 |
Maternal employment status | −0.005 [−0.013, 0.003] | −1.9 | −0.015 [−0.061, 0.031] | −6.0 |
Muslim religion | −0.006 [−0.013, 0.002] | −2.3 | −0.043 [−0.076, −0.011] ** | −17.2 |
Urban residence | 0.000 [−0.002, 0.002] | 0.2 | −0.008 [−0.027, 0.012] | −3.1 |
Exposure to media | 0.003 [−0.003, 0.008] | 1.0 | −0.003 [−0.018, 0.012] | −1.2 |
Maternal health care utilization ‡ | 0.058 [0.034, 0.083] *** | 23.2 | −0.003 [−0.027, 0.020] | −1.4 |
Region | ||||
Developing regions § | 0.003 [0.001, 0.005] ** | 1.3 | −0.043 [−0.119, 0.032] | −17.2 |
Emerging regions §§ | −0.002 [−0.003, 0.000] * | −0.7 | 0.002 [−0.002, 0.006] | 0.9 |
Addis Ababa and Dire Dawa §§§ | 0.002 [0.001, 0.003] ** | 0.7 | 0.000 [−0.003, 0.002] | −0.1 |
Wealth | −0.003 [−0.009, 0.003] | −1.1 | 0.001 [−0.007, 0.009] | 0.4 |
Sex of Child | 0.000 [−0.002, 0.002] | −0.1 | 0.023 [−0.016, 0.062] | 9.0 |
Partners educational level | 0.001 [−0.006, 0.008] | 0.4 | −0.001 [−0.038, 0.035] | −0.6 |
Constant | - | - | 0.297 [0.162, 0.433] *** | 118.0 |
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Wondimu, A.; Cao, Q.; Asuman, D.; Almansa, J.; Postma, M.J.; van Hulst, M. Understanding the Improvement in Full Childhood Vaccination Coverage in Ethiopia Using Oaxaca–Blinder Decomposition Analysis. Vaccines 2020, 8, 505. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines8030505
Wondimu A, Cao Q, Asuman D, Almansa J, Postma MJ, van Hulst M. Understanding the Improvement in Full Childhood Vaccination Coverage in Ethiopia Using Oaxaca–Blinder Decomposition Analysis. Vaccines. 2020; 8(3):505. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines8030505
Chicago/Turabian StyleWondimu, Abrham, Qi Cao, Derek Asuman, Josué Almansa, Maarten J. Postma, and Marinus van Hulst. 2020. "Understanding the Improvement in Full Childhood Vaccination Coverage in Ethiopia Using Oaxaca–Blinder Decomposition Analysis" Vaccines 8, no. 3: 505. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines8030505
APA StyleWondimu, A., Cao, Q., Asuman, D., Almansa, J., Postma, M. J., & van Hulst, M. (2020). Understanding the Improvement in Full Childhood Vaccination Coverage in Ethiopia Using Oaxaca–Blinder Decomposition Analysis. Vaccines, 8(3), 505. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines8030505