Livestock and Poultry Production in Nepal and Current Status of Vaccine Development
Abstract
:1. Status of Livestock and Poultry Population and Productivity in Nepal
2. Status of Livestock and Poultry Diseases in Nepal
3. Zoonotic Disease Transmission from Livestock and Poultry to Humans in Nepal
4. History of Livestock and Poultry Vaccination and Vaccine Production in Nepal
5. Current Status of Livestock and Poultry Vaccine Production in Nepal
6. Conclusions and Future Perspectives
Authors Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Livestock Category | Population in 2008/09 (in Million) | Population in 2017/18 (in Million) | Change in 10 Years (%) | Change/Year (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Cattle | 7.17 | 7.37 | 2.80 | 0.28 |
Buffalo | 4.68 | 5.27 | 12.76 | 1.28 |
Sheep | 0.80 | 0.80 | −0.27 | −0.02 |
Goat | 8.47 | 11.64 | 37.42 | 3.74 |
Swine | 1.04 | 1.43 | 37.5 | 3.75 |
Chicken | 24.48 | 72.24 | 195.09 | 19.50 |
Duck | 0.38 | 0.40 | 5.48 | 0.55 |
Product | Production in 2008/9 | Production in 2017/18 | Change in 10 Years (%) | Change/Year (%) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Meat (MT) | Buffalo | 156,627 | 185,180 | 18.22 | 1.82 |
Mutton/Chevon | 51,183 | 73,556 | 43.71 | 4.37 | |
Pork | 16,992 | 28,214 | 66.04 | 6.60 | |
Chicken | 16,662 | 60,122 | 260.83 | 26.08 | |
Duck | 226 | 280 | 23.89 | 2.38 | |
Total | 241,690 | 346,179 | 43.23 | 4.32 | |
Milk (MT) | Cattle | 413,919 | 754,126 | 82.19 | 8.21 |
Buffalo | 1,031,500 | 1,338,277 | 29.74 | 2.97 | |
Total | 1,445,419 | 2,092,403 | 44.76 | 4.47 | |
Egg (billion) | 0.62 | 1.51 | 143.54 | 14.35 |
Disease | Species Mainly Affected | No. of Outbreaks | Number of Animals/Birds | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Susceptible | Affected | Dead | |||
Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) | Cattle and Buffalo | 271 | 150,669 | 18,556 | 311 |
Black Quarter (BQ) | Cattle and Buffalo | 58 | 41,275 | 968 | 42 |
Hemorrhagic Septicemia (HS) | Cattle and Buffalo | 57 | 6182 | 2864 | 92 |
Actinomycosis/Lumpy Jaw | Cattle and Buffalo | 52 | 122 | 493 | 12 |
Babesiosis | Cattle and Buffalo | 28 | 503 | 148 | 11 |
Theileriosis | Cattle and Buffalo | 23 | 65 | 255 | 0 |
Peste des Petits Ruminants (PPR) | Sheep and Goat | 75 | 232,096 | 3305 | 1139 |
Enterotoxaemia | Sheep and Goat | 46 | 600 | 1065 | 25 |
Classical swine fever | Swine | 6 | 1783 | 142 | 39 |
Coccidiosis | Poultry | 583 | 68,272 | 168,442 | 9543 |
Fowl Pox | Poultry | 252 | 11,332 | 11,771 | 766 |
Infectious Bursal Disease | Poultry | 116 | 183,567 | 234,848 | 14,586 |
Newcastle disease | Poultry | 90 | 901,866 | 74,986 | 7363 |
Highly pathogenic Avian Influenza | Poultry | 3 | 25,254 | 3110 | 3110 |
Diseases | Causative Agents | Route of Transmission | Clinical Signs | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Parasitic | Taeniosis/Cysticercosis/Neurocysticercosis [24] | Taenia spp., especially Taenia solium | Meat-borne and Fecal-oral | GI disorders, severe headache, convulsion, and epileptic seizures |
Hydatidosis [30] | Echinococcus granulosus | Fecal-oral | Cyst in liver, CNS, and lungs, leading to coughing, chest pain, and breathing difficulty | |
Toxoplasmosis [31] | Toxoplasma gondii | Meat-borne and Fecal-oral | abortion, still-birth, congenital abnormalities, and vision impairment | |
Bacterial | Leptospirosis [32] | Leptospira interrogans | Contact with contaminated soil and water or exposure to animal reservoir | high fever, headache, chills, muscle aches, and jaundice and anemia |
Brucellosis | Brucella abortus | Contaminated food material | Body-ache, night sweats, Malta or Mediterranean fever, poor appetite, weight loss | |
Viral | Avian Influenza [33] | Influenza A virus (H5 and H7) | Direct and indirect contact | Fever, Cough, sore throat, muscle aches, and conjunctivitis |
Vaccine | Species Used | Dose Produced (×1000) | Change in Last 5 Years (%) | Change per Year (%) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
2014/15 | 2018/19 | ||||
ND F1 | Poultry | 10,000 | 15,000.30 | 50.00% | 10.01% |
ND Lasota + ND R2B | Poultry | 2500 | 5008.50 | 100.34% | 20.07% |
ND − I2 | Poultry | 576 | 1963.80 | 240.93% | 48.18% |
IBD + Pox | Poultry | 5088 | 8003.70 | 57.30% | 11.46% |
HS + BQ | Cattle and buffalo | 511 | 650 | 27.20% | 5.44% |
PPR | Sheep and Goat | 3000 | 8000.90 | 166.67% | 33.33% |
Rabies | Canine | 15.69 | 120 | 664.81% | 132.96% |
Swine Fever | Swine | 410 | 650 | 58.53% | 11.70% |
Vaccine | Species Used | Dose Imported (×1000) | Change in Last 5 Years (%) | Change per Year (%) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
2014/15 | 2018/19 | ||||
Poultry vaccines (combined) | Poultry | 549,567 | 2,378,685.85 | 332.82% | 66.56% |
FMD | Cattle and buffaloes | 1269 | 2409.43 | 89.86% | 17.97% |
HS + BQ | Cattle and buffaloes | 4534.20 | 585.12 | −87.09% | −17.41% |
HS + BQ + FMD | Cattle and buffaloes | 270 | 0 | −100% | −20% |
Rabies | Canine | 305 | 297.91 | −2.32% | −0.46% |
Swine fever | Pigs | 200 | 0.10 | −99.95% | −19.99% |
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Poudel, U.; Dahal, U.; Upadhyaya, N.; Chaudhari, S.; Dhakal, S. Livestock and Poultry Production in Nepal and Current Status of Vaccine Development. Vaccines 2020, 8, 322. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines8020322
Poudel U, Dahal U, Upadhyaya N, Chaudhari S, Dhakal S. Livestock and Poultry Production in Nepal and Current Status of Vaccine Development. Vaccines. 2020; 8(2):322. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines8020322
Chicago/Turabian StylePoudel, Uddab, Umesh Dahal, Nabin Upadhyaya, Saroj Chaudhari, and Santosh Dhakal. 2020. "Livestock and Poultry Production in Nepal and Current Status of Vaccine Development" Vaccines 8, no. 2: 322. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines8020322