Cost-Effectiveness of Adjuvanted Influenza Vaccine Compared with Standard and High-Dose Influenza Vaccines for Persons Aged ≥50 Years in Spain
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Model Design
2.2. Model Inputs and Calculations
2.3. Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Age Group | Total Population N | Life Expectancy Years | High Risk n (%) | Low Risk n (%) | Influenza Vaccine Coverage, High Risk % |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
50–59 years | 7,475,397 | 30.6 | 4,770,798 (63.8) | 2,704,599 (36.2) | 24.54% |
60–64 years | 3,214,012 | 23.6 | 3,214,012 (100) | 0 | 36.72% |
65–74 years | 4,974,175 | 17.9 | 4,974,175 (100) | 0 | 61.57% |
≥75 years | 4,890,766 | 6.4 | 4,890,766 (100) | 0 | 75.27% |
Parameter | Value | Reference | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
aQIV tender price | EUR 13 | [47] | ||
QIVe tender price a | EUR 4.78 | [48,49,50,51,52,53,54,55,56,57,58,59,60,61,62,63,64,65,66,67] | ||
HD-QIV tender price | EUR 25 | [47] | ||
Primary care physician visit costs (per visit) | EUR 65.00 | [68] | ||
ED visit costs (per visit) | EUR 257.00 | [68] | ||
Hospitalization costs (per event) | EUR 5809.61 | [69] | ||
Nurse consultation cost | EUR 25.94 | [70] | ||
No. business days of disability | Primary care physician visit | 5 | [71] | |
ED visit | 5 | [71] | ||
Hospitalization | 15 b | [72] | ||
Employment rate | 0–50 years | 65.8% | [11] | |
50–59 years | 71.6% | [11] | ||
60–64 years | 48.9% | [11] | ||
65–74 years | 10.0% | [11] | ||
≥75 years | 0.8% | [11] | ||
Proportion requiring care at home | 65–74 years | 18.4% | [73] | |
≥75 years | 45.1% | [73] | ||
Proportion aged 18–64 who care for a family member and are also employed | 35.15% | [73] | ||
Productivity loss per day c | 0–50 years | EUR 106.58 | [74] | |
50–59 years | EUR 126.86 | [74] | ||
60–64 years | EUR 129.78 | [74] | ||
65–74 years | EUR 129.78 | [74] | ||
≥75 years | EUR 129.78 | [74] | ||
Baseline utility | High risk | Low risk | ||
0–50 years | 0.940 | 0.975 | [75] | |
50–59 years | 0.870 | 0.960 | [75] | |
60–64 years | 0.870 | 0.960 | [75] | |
65–74 years | 0.836 | 0.955 | [75] | |
≥75 years | 0.676 | 0.836 | [75] | |
Disutility value for symptomatic patients (all ages) | 0.32 | [76] | ||
Disutility value for outpatient and ED settings | High risk | Low risk | ||
0–50 years | 0.42 | 0.40 | [77] | |
50–59 years | 0.42 | 0.40 | [77] | |
60–64 years | 0.46 | 0.44 | [77] | |
65–74 years | 0.37 | 0.35 | [77] | |
≥75 years | 0.33 | — | [77] | |
Disutility value for an inpatient setting (all ages) | 0.42 | 0.40 | [77] | |
Disutility duration for symptomatic patients | 7 days | [76] | ||
Disutility duration in an outpatient setting | 7 days | [77] | ||
Disutility duration in an inpatient setting | 7 days | [77] | ||
Discount rate for costs and outcomes d | 3% | [25] |
Current Scenario a | Alternative Scenario a | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Costs | Age Group | Number Vaccinated | QIVe | HD-QIV | (aQIV) | Incremental Difference |
Influenza vaccines | 50–59 years | 1,170,754 | EUR 5,596,204 | EUR 15,219,801 | EUR 9,623,597 | |
60–64 years | 1,180,185 | EUR 29,504,630 | EUR 15,342,408 | EUR −14,162,222 | ||
65–74 years | 3,062,600 | EUR 76,564,989 | EUR 39,813,794 | EUR −36,751,195 | ||
≥75 years | 3,681,280 | EUR 92,031,989 | EUR 47,856,634 | EUR −44,175,355 | ||
Total b | 9,094,819 | EUR 203,697,812 | EUR 118,232,637 | EUR −85,465,175 | ||
Vaccine administration | 50–59 years | 1,170,754 | EUR 30,369,357 | EUR 30,369,357 | EUR 0 | |
60–64 years | 1,180,185 | EUR 30,614,004 | EUR 30,614,004 | EUR 0 | ||
65–74 years | 3,062,600 | EUR 79,443,832 | EUR 79,443,832 | EUR 0 | ||
≥75 years | 3,681,280 | EUR 95,492,392 | EUR 95,492,392 | EUR 0 | ||
Total b | 9,094,819 | EUR 235,919,585 | EUR 235,919,585 | EUR 0 |
Parameter | Current Scenario a (QIVe or HD-QIV) | Alternative Scenario a (aQIV) | Difference | Current Scenario a (QIVe or HD-QIV) | Alternative Scenario a (aQIV) | Difference | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Clinical outcomes | QALY per vaccination | ||||||
QALY loss | 21,191 | 20,950 | −241 | 0.00233 | 0.00230 | −0.00003 | |
Life years lost | 31,060 | 30,742 | −318 | 0.00342 | 0.00338 | −0.00003 | |
Events | Events per vaccination | ||||||
Symptomatic influenza cases | 165,050 | 162,151 | −2899 | 1.815% | 1.783% | −0.00032 | |
Primary care visits | 107,884 | 106,171 | −1713 | 1.186% | 1.167% | −0.00019 | |
ED visits | 24,213 | 23,829 | −384 | 0.266% | 0.262% | −0.00004 | |
Hospitalizations | 15,064 | 14,907 | −157 | 0.166% | 0.164% | −0.00002 | |
Deaths | 3895 | 3860 | −35 | 0.043% | 0.042% | 0.00000 | |
Costs | Costs per vaccination | ||||||
Primary care visits | EUR 7,358,761 | EUR 7,241,929 | EUR −116,832 | EUR 0.8091 | EUR 0.7963 | EUR −0.013 | |
ED visits | EUR 6,222,855 | EUR 6,124,057 | EUR −98,798 | EUR 0.6842 | EUR 0.6734 | EUR −0.011 | |
Hospitalizations | EUR 87,514,956 | EUR 86,603,793 | EUR −911,163 | EUR 9.6225 | EUR 9.5223 | EUR −0.100 | |
Vaccination | EUR 439,617,397 | EUR 354,152,222 | EUR −85,465,175 | EUR 48.3371 | EUR 38.9400 | EUR −9.397 | |
Total | EUR 540,713,969 | EUR 454,122,002 | EUR −86,591,968 | EUR 59.4530 | EUR 49.9319 | EUR −9.521 |
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Perez-Rubio, A.; Flores, R.; Aragon, J.R.; Sanchez, J.; Marquez-Peláez, S.; Alvarez, P.; Muriel, A.O.; Mould-Quevedo, J. Cost-Effectiveness of Adjuvanted Influenza Vaccine Compared with Standard and High-Dose Influenza Vaccines for Persons Aged ≥50 Years in Spain. Vaccines 2025, 13, 323. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines13030323
Perez-Rubio A, Flores R, Aragon JR, Sanchez J, Marquez-Peláez S, Alvarez P, Muriel AO, Mould-Quevedo J. Cost-Effectiveness of Adjuvanted Influenza Vaccine Compared with Standard and High-Dose Influenza Vaccines for Persons Aged ≥50 Years in Spain. Vaccines. 2025; 13(3):323. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines13030323
Chicago/Turabian StylePerez-Rubio, Alberto, Roberto Flores, Jesus Ruiz Aragon, Javier Sanchez, Sergio Marquez-Peláez, Piedad Alvarez, Andres Osorio Muriel, and Joaquin Mould-Quevedo. 2025. "Cost-Effectiveness of Adjuvanted Influenza Vaccine Compared with Standard and High-Dose Influenza Vaccines for Persons Aged ≥50 Years in Spain" Vaccines 13, no. 3: 323. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines13030323
APA StylePerez-Rubio, A., Flores, R., Aragon, J. R., Sanchez, J., Marquez-Peláez, S., Alvarez, P., Muriel, A. O., & Mould-Quevedo, J. (2025). Cost-Effectiveness of Adjuvanted Influenza Vaccine Compared with Standard and High-Dose Influenza Vaccines for Persons Aged ≥50 Years in Spain. Vaccines, 13(3), 323. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines13030323