Factors Associated with Timely First-Dose Pentavalent and Measles–Rubella Vaccination: A Cross-Sectional Study in East New Britain, Papua New Guinea
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design
2.2. Study Setting
2.3. Participants
2.4. Data Collection
2.5. Operational Definitions
2.6. Outcome
2.7. Co-Variates
2.8. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Descriptive Data
3.2. Factors Associated with DTP1 Timeliness
3.3. Factors Associated with MR1 Timeliness
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Correction Statement
Abbreviations
WHO | World Health Organization |
PNG | Papua New Guinea |
DTP | Pentavalent |
MR | Measles-Rubella |
IRR | Incidence Rate Ratio |
CI | Confidence Interval |
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Vaccine | Age |
---|---|
BCG (vaccine to prevent tuberculosis infection) | Birth |
HepB (vaccine to prevent hepatitis B infection) | Birth |
DTP Hib HepB (vaccine to prevent diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, Haemophilus influenzae type B, and hepatitis B infections) 1 | 1, 2, 3 months |
IPV (inactivated poliovirus given by injection to prevent polio infection) | 3, 9 months |
MR (vaccine to prevent measles and rubella infection) | 6, 9, 18 months |
OPV (weakened poliovirus given by mouth to prevent polio infection) | 1, 2, 3 months |
Pneumococcal (vaccine to prevent Streptococcus pneumoniae infection) | 1, 2, 3 months |
TT (Tetanus toxoid vaccination to prevent tetanus infection) | 7, 13 years and in pregnancy |
Category | Frequency (%) | |
---|---|---|
DTP1 | ||
Timely | 142 (59.9) | |
Delayed | 73 (30.8) | |
Missing | 22 (9.3) | |
MR1 | ||
Timely | 81 (34.2) | |
Delayed | 98 (41.4) | |
Missing | 58 (24.4) | |
Caregiver education level | ||
Primary or less | 117 (49.4) | |
High/secondary | 79 (33.3) | |
Tertiary/vocational | 40 (16.9) | |
Missing | 1 (0.4) | |
Urban/rural | ||
Urban | 31 (13.1) | |
Rural | 206 (86.9) | |
Caregiver relationship to the child | ||
Mother | 206 (87) | |
Father | 6 (2.5) | |
Grandmother | 14 (5.9) | |
Aunty | 9 (3.8) | |
Older sibling Other family member | 1 (0.4) 1 (0.4) | |
Caregiver age | ||
18–20 years | 4 (1.7) | |
20–30 years | 149 (62.8) | |
31–40 years | 64 (27.0) | |
41–50 years | 17 (7.2) | |
50+ years | 3 (1.3) | |
Caregiver employment | ||
Gardener/farmer | 57 (24.1) | |
Small business owner | 9 (3.8) | |
Household duties | 128 (54.0) | |
Student | 11 (4.6) | |
Formal full-time employment | 5 (2.1) | |
Formal part-time employment | 8 (3.4) | |
Unemployed | 17 (7.2) | |
Other | 2 (0.8) |
N | Univariate IRR | 95% CI | Multivariate IRR | 95% CI | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Caregiver education level | |||||
Primary or less | 85 | 1 (reference) | - | 1 (reference) | - |
High/secondary | 63 | 1.21 | 0.95, 1.53 | 1.11 | 0.88, 1.40 |
Tertiary/vocational | 31 | 1.09 | 0.79, 1.50 | 0.95 | 0.68, 1.31 |
Urban/rural | |||||
Urban | 18 | 1 (reference) | - | 1 (reference) | - |
Rural | 161 | 1.05 | 0.71, 1.55 | 1.07 | 0.74, 1.56 |
Child sex | |||||
Male | 95 | 1 (reference) | - | 1 (reference) | - |
Female | 84 | 1.23 | 0.99, 1.53 | 1.23 | 0.98, 1.53 |
Mother gave birth at a health facility | |||||
No | 27 | 1 (reference) | - | 1 (reference) | - |
Yes | 152 | 2.09 | 1.21, 3.60 | 1.93 | 1.10, 3.38 |
Mother had Td vaccine | |||||
No | 20 | 1 (reference) | - | 1 (reference) | - |
Yes | 159 | 1.48 | 0.90, 2.43 | 1.16 | 0.69, 1.94 |
Affordability of taking your child to be vaccinated | |||||
Not at all affordable or somewhat affordable | 79 | 1 (reference) | - | 1 (reference) | - |
Affordable | 100 | 1.14 | 0.91, 1.43 | 1.11 | 0.89, 1.38 |
Travel > 30 min to clinic | |||||
No | 41 | 1 (reference) | - | 1 (reference) | - |
Yes | 138 | 1.01 | 0.78, 1.32 | 1.05 | 0.82, 1.35 |
Clinic wait time | |||||
<1 h | 63 | 0.95 | 0.69, 1.31 | 0.85 | 0.63, 1.15 |
1–<2 h | 77 | 1.13 | 0.85, 1.52 | 1.11 | 0.84, 1.47 |
≥2 h | 39 | 1 (reference) | - | 1 (reference) | - |
Vaccinated through outreach or mobile clinic | |||||
No | 68 | 1 (reference) | - | 1 (reference) | - |
Yes | 111 | 0.95 | 0.76, 1.19 | 0.94 | 0.76, 1.17 |
Immunization service satisfaction | |||||
No | 60 | 1 (reference) | - | 1 (reference) | - |
Yes | 119 | 1.06 | 0.83, 1.34 | 0.86 | 0.66, 1.11 |
Trust healthcare workers | |||||
A little or moderately | 73 | 1 (reference) | - | 1 (reference) | - |
Very much | 106 | 1.39 | 1.08, 1.79 | 1.53 | 1.17, 1.99 |
Healthcare worker explains immunization services and answers caregiver questions well | |||||
No | 93 | 1 (reference) | - | 1 (reference) | - |
Yes | 86 | 1.02 | 0.82, 1.27 | 0.98 | 0.78, 1.22 |
N | Univariate IRR | 95% CI | Multivariate IRR | 95% CI | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Caregiver education level | |||||
Primary or less | 70 | 1 (reference) | - | 1 (reference) | - |
High/secondary | 50 | 1.4 | 0.91, 2.13 | 1.33 | 0.88, 2.01 |
Tertiary/vocational | 27 | 1.65 | 1.06, 2.58 | 1.79 | 1.15, 2.78 |
Urban/rural | |||||
Urban | 15 | 1 (reference) | - | 1 (reference) | - |
Rural | 132 | 1.13 | 0.59, 2.17 | 1.47 | 0.76, 2.85 |
Child sex | |||||
Male | 77 | 1 (reference) | - | 1 (reference) | - |
Female | 70 | 1.40 | 0.97, 2.01 | 1.42 | 1.00, 2.02 |
Mother gave birth at a health facility | |||||
No | 21 | 1 (reference) | - | 1 (reference) | - |
Yes | 126 | 1.66 | 0.82, 3.36 | 1.10 | 0.54, 2.23 |
Mother had Td vaccine | |||||
No | 14 | 1 (reference) | - | 1 (reference) | - |
Yes | 133 | 2.21 | 0.79, 6.14 | 1.67 | 0.58, 4.75 |
Affordability of taking your child to be vaccinated | |||||
Not at all affordable or somewhat affordable | 67 | 1 (reference) | - | 1 (reference) | - |
Affordable | 80 | 1.56 | 1.06, 2.31 | 1.52 | 1.04, 2.22 |
Travel >30 min to clinic | |||||
No | 32 | 1 (reference) | - | 1 (reference) | - |
Yes | 115 | 1.13 | 0.71, 1.80 | 1.34 | 0.87, 2.05 |
Clinic wait time | |||||
<1 h | 44 | 1.07 | 0.68, 1.69 | 0.94 | 0.62, 1.42 |
1–<2 h | 70 | 0.79 | 0.50, 1.26 | 0.73 | 0.48, 1.09 |
≥2 h | 33 | 1 (reference) | - | 1 (reference) | - |
Vaccinated through outreach or mobile clinic | |||||
No | 51 | 1 (reference) | - | 1 (reference) | - |
Yes | 96 | 0.76 | 0.53, 1.09 | 0.82 | 0.58, 1.15 |
Immunization service satisfaction | |||||
No | 54 | 1 (reference) | - | 1 (reference) | - |
Yes | 93 | 1.24 | 0.83, 1.84 | 0.82 | 0.53, 1.24 |
Trust healthcare workers | |||||
A little or moderately | 61 | 1 (reference) | - | 1 (reference) | - |
Very much | 86 | 1.41 | 0.95, 2.10 | 1.46 | 0.98, 2.16 |
Healthcare worker explains immunization services and answers caregiver questions well | |||||
No | 81 | 1 (reference) | - | 1 (reference) | - |
Yes | 66 | 1.56 | 1.08, 2.25 | 1.68 | 1.18, 2.41 |
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Dalton, M.; Pomat, W.; Danchin, M.; Homer, C.S.E.; Sanderson, B.; Kiromat, P.; Robinson, L.J.; Scoullar, M.J.L.; Melepia, P.; Laman, M.; et al. Factors Associated with Timely First-Dose Pentavalent and Measles–Rubella Vaccination: A Cross-Sectional Study in East New Britain, Papua New Guinea. Vaccines 2025, 13, 156. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines13020156
Dalton M, Pomat W, Danchin M, Homer CSE, Sanderson B, Kiromat P, Robinson LJ, Scoullar MJL, Melepia P, Laman M, et al. Factors Associated with Timely First-Dose Pentavalent and Measles–Rubella Vaccination: A Cross-Sectional Study in East New Britain, Papua New Guinea. Vaccines. 2025; 13(2):156. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines13020156
Chicago/Turabian StyleDalton, Milena, William Pomat, Margie Danchin, Caroline S. E. Homer, Benjamin Sanderson, Patrick Kiromat, Leanne J. Robinson, Michelle J. L. Scoullar, Pele Melepia, Moses Laman, and et al. 2025. "Factors Associated with Timely First-Dose Pentavalent and Measles–Rubella Vaccination: A Cross-Sectional Study in East New Britain, Papua New Guinea" Vaccines 13, no. 2: 156. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines13020156
APA StyleDalton, M., Pomat, W., Danchin, M., Homer, C. S. E., Sanderson, B., Kiromat, P., Robinson, L. J., Scoullar, M. J. L., Melepia, P., Laman, M., James, H. A., Stanley, E., Waramin, E., & Vaccher, S. (2025). Factors Associated with Timely First-Dose Pentavalent and Measles–Rubella Vaccination: A Cross-Sectional Study in East New Britain, Papua New Guinea. Vaccines, 13(2), 156. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines13020156