Lessons from Recent Measles Post-Campaign Coverage Surveys Worldwide
Abstract
1. Background
2. Methods
3. Results
4. Discussion
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Measles Supplementary Immunization Activities (SIAs) | Post-Campaign Coverage Surveys (PCCSs) | ||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Basics | Basics | Sampling | |||||||||||||||||||||
# | Year of PCCS | Country | WHO Region | Target Age Group in Months | Estimated Target Population | Admin Coverage % | SIA Month/Year | Month/Year of Field Work | Delay Between SIA & PCCS (in Months) | Lead Implementer | Ethical Clearance Mentioned | Questionnaire/Data Collection Form Included in Report | # of Clusters Selected/Included | # of Households Interviewed | # of Children Included | Description of Response Rates of Clusters | Description of Response Rates of Households | Primary Sampling Units | Household Enumeration Done | Involvement of NBS/CSO | Data Collection Tools | GPS Coordinates Collected | Software Used for Analysis |
1 | 2019 | Democratic People’s Republic of Korea | SEAR | 9 months-15 years old | 5,873,914 | 99.7 | Oct-19 | Winter | NA | Country-led | Yes | Yes | 41 | 1312 (31 HH in each cluster) | 1180 | Yes | Yes | Census enumeration blocks | Yes | Yes | CSPro | No | SPSS |
2 | 2019 | Zimbabwe | AFR | 9–59 months | 1,776,546 | 91 | Sep-19 | Nov-19 | 2 months | Not specified | Yes | Yes | 470 | 8110 planned *actual number included missing | 3796 planned *actual number included missing | No | No | Enumeration areas | Yes | Yes | ODK | NR | Stata |
3 | 2020 | Burkina Faso | AFR | 9–59 months | 3,078,334 | 106 | Nov-19 | Aug–Sept 2020 | 9–10 months | Independent consultant | Yes | No | 548 | 17,650 | 8457 | Yes | Yes | Enumeration areas | Not mentioned | Sampling frame from NBS | ODK | NA | SPSS and Stata |
4 | 2020 | Cameroon | AFR | 9–59 months | 3,339,090 | 92 | Dec-19 | June–July 2020 | 6–7 months | Research Organization | Not mentioned. Informed consent was obtained. | Yes | 396 | 4866 | 4671 | Yes | Yes | Enumeration areas | Yes | Sampling frame from NBS | ODK | Yes | SPSS |
5 | 2020 | Ethiopia | AFR | 9–59 months | 14,181,143 | 102.8 | June–July 2020 | Oct 2020–Jan 2021 | 4–6 months | Research Organization | Yes | Yes | 1016 Tigray was excluded | 10,143 | 12,867 | Yes | Yes | Enumeration areas | Yes | Sampling frame from NBS | CSPro | Yes | Stata, VCQI |
6 | 2020 | Uganda | AFR | 9 months to less than 15 years old | 18,200,970 | 107 | Oct-19 | Dec 2019–Jan 2020 | 2–3 months | Academic Institution | Yes | No | 363 | 5174 | 12,025 | Yes (written as coverage rate) | Yes | Enumeration areas | Yes | Sampling frame from NBS | ODK | NA | Stata |
7 | 2021 | Central African Republic † | AFR | 6–59 months 5–10 years | 1,209,256 | 102 for 6–59 m 85.5 for 5–10 yrs | Phase 1: Mar-2020 Phase 2: Aug-2020 | Dec 2020 Bangui, March–April 2021 rest | 8–11 months | Independent consultant | Yes | Yes | 240 | 3172 | 5674 | Yes | Yes | Enumeration areas | Yes | Sampling frame from NBS | ODK | Yes (difficulties noted) | SPSS |
8 | 2021 | Chad | AFR | 9–59 months | 1,792,830 (Phase1) 1,623,518 (Phase2) | 108.8 (Phase1) 107.5 (Phase2) | Jan- 2021 (Phase1) Mar-2021 (Phase2) | Mar–April 2022 | ~1 year | Independent consultant | The survey technical committe considered that the survey was not reasearch and thus it was not needed to present the protocol to an ethical comittee. Informed consent was obtained. | Yes | 695 | 15,793 | 11,601 | Yes | Yes | Enumeration areas, with segmentation | Yes | Yes | ODK | Yes, at least for clusters | SPSS and Stata |
9 | 2021 | Democratic Republic of the Congo | AFR | 6–59 months | 18,167,926 | 101.6 | Oct-Dec 2019 | Nov–Dec 2021 | ~2 years | Independent consultant | Yes | Yes | 728 | 81,740 | 21,575 | Yes | Yes | Enumeration areas | Yes | Yes | CSPro | Yes | SPSS, EpIInfo |
10 | 2021 | Kenya ‡ | AFR | 9–59 months | 3,374,464 | 111 | June–July 2021 | Jul-21 | <3 months | NBS | Considered programmatic evaluation. No ethical clearance was sought. Informed consent was obtained. | No | 477 | 4404 | 5409 | Yes, but by Region | Yes | Enumeration areas | Not for the PCCS. Sample was from available up-to-date sampling frame maintained by NBS. | Yes | Survey Solution application with digitization of the questionnaire and integration of maps. | Yes | Not mentioned |
11 | 2021 | Nepal | SEAR | 9–59 months | 2,548,336 | 101 | Feb–Mar 2020 (Phase 1) Mar–July 2020 (Phase 2) | Sept–Nov 2021 | >1 year | Family Welfare Division Department of Health Services MOH | Yes | Yes | 342 | 7180 | 3715 | Yes | Yes | List of wards (some were merged or segmented) | Yes | Yes | CSPro | Yes | SPSS |
12 | 2021 | Pakistan | EMR | 9 months-15 years old | 90,262,980 | 105 | Nov-21 | Nov 2021–Jan 2022 | <3 months | Contech International Health Consultants | Yes | Yes | 1584 | 15,840 | 31,871 | Yes | Yes | Enumeration areas | Yes | Yes. Technical and sampling frame | Proprietary android-based CAPI application from implementing partner | No | Stata, VCQI |
13 | 2021 | Zambia | AFR | 9–59 months | 3,398,230 | 91.3 | Nov-20 | Oct-21 | >1 year | Not specified | No | No | 272 | 5155 | 4590 | No | Yes | Enumeration areas | Yes | Yes | The questionnaire was programmed into a CAPI application using survey solutions, a World Bank software application | Not mentioned? | |
14 | 2022 | Burundi | AFR | 9–59 months | 1,683,300 | 93 | Jan-22 | Oct–Nov 2022 | 10–11 months | NBS | Not mentioned | Yes | 540 | 32,177 | 20,618 | Yes | Yes | Ennumeration areas | Yes | Yes | KoboCollect | Yes | SPSS and Stata |
15 | 2022 | Madagascar | AFR | 6–59 months | 4,355,433 | 95.11 | May–June 2022 | Aug–Sept 2022 | 3 months | International consultant with Directorate of Demography and Social Statistics (DDSS) of the NBS | Yes | Yes | 123 | 3055 | 1421 | Yes | Yes | Enumeration areas | Yes | Yes | CSPro | Yes | SPSS and Stata |
16 | 2022 | Somalia | EMR | children of 0–59 months for tOPV, 06–59 months for MCV and Vitamin A and 12–59 months for deworming | 2,566,955 | 90 | Nov-22 | Feb-23 | 3 months | Independent consultant/cabinet | Yes | Yes | 450 | 17,539 | 21,740 | No | No | Lists of accessible areas (not mentioned in detail) | Not mentioned | Not mentioned | Survey123 | Yes | SPSS, Stata, ArcGIS |
17 | 2022 or 2023 | Syrian Arab Republic | EMR | 6 months-5 years | 2,494,498 | 75.62 | Oct–Nov 2022 | Dates not provided. 2023? | NA | Independent consultant | Yes | No | 99 | 5982 | 3581 | Yes | Yes | Sub-districts | Yes | Yes, technical advise | Paper-based | No | EpiInfo |
18 | 2023 | Cameroon | AFR | 9–59 months | 5,564,940 | 94.38 | Jul-23 | Sept–Oct 2023 | <3 months | NBS | No. Informed consent was obtained. | Yes | 395 | 5711 | 3546 | Yes | Yes | Enumeration areas | Yes | Yes | CSPro | Yes | SPSS, Stata, VCQI |
19 | 2023 | Democratic Republic of the Congo | AFR | 6–59 months | 6,454,490 (May) 7,359,339 (August) 5,273,383 (September) | 103.6 (May) 85.7 (August) 101.1 (September) | Three phases: April, June and Aug 2023. | October–December 2023 in Block 1, Phase 2 in Block 2 and part of Block 3 from January to March 2024, then Phase 3 in the rest of the provinces in March–April 2024. | 6 to 10 months | Independent consultant | Yes | Yes | 728 | 10,920 | 9627 | Yes | Yes | Enumeration areas | Yes | Yes | CSPro | Yes | SPSS, EpIInfo |
20 | 2023 | Malawi | AFR | 9–59 months | 3,169,522 | 82.4 | May-23 | Jun-23 | <3 months | International consultant and NBS | Yes | Yes | 205 | 4715 | 8485 | Yes | Yes | Enumeration areas | Yes | Yes | CSPro | Yes | Stata, VCQI |
21 | 2023 | Niger | AFR | 6–59 m or 9–59 m depending on district | 5,098,682 | 105 | Dec 2022–Jan 2023 | Mar–April 2023 | 3 months | Independent consultant | Yes | Yes | 270 | 5334 | 4655 | Yes | Yes | Ennumeration areas | Yes | Yes | ODK | Yes | SPSS |
22 | 2023 | Nigeria | AFR | 9–59 months | 4,298,149 (October) 1,090,330 (November) 5,021,611 (December) | 96.67 (October) 103.95 (November) 4,823,266 (December) | Oct 2023–Jan 2024 | Dec 2023–Jan 2024 | <3 months | NBS | No. Informed consent was obtained. | Yes | 740 (560 in 14 states plus 180 in 6 local area governments in Borno) | 7399 | 6987 | Yes | Yes | Enumeration areas | Yes | Yes | CSPro | Yes | Stata, VCQI |
23 | 2023 | Yemen ‡ | EMR | 6–59 months | 1,267,083 | 91 | September–October 2023 | Oct-23 | <3 months | Research Organization | Yes | Yes | 1547 | 18,564 | 29,549 | Yes | Yes | Harahs | No | No | ODK | No | Excel |
24 | 2024 | Ethiopia | AFR | 98.7 | Dec 2022–April 2023 | Dec 2023–Jan 2024 | >1 year | Research Organization | Yes | Yes | 1272 | 12,702 | 15,763 | Yes | Yes | Enumeration areas | Yes | Sampling frame from NBS | Kobo Toolbox | Yes | Stata, VCQI |
Results | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
# | Year of PCCS | Country | WHO Region | MCV1 Coverage in Year of Start of SIA | Admin Coverage % | SIA Cards or Finger Marking Seen | SIA Coverage (95% CI) | % Routine Immunization (RI) Cards Seen (Age Group If Not All) | RI MCV1 Coverage % (95% CI) (Age Group If Not All) | SIA Dose Was the First MCV Dose Received by Child % (95%CI) | SIA Coverage Among Zero-Dose % (95%CI) | Child Remained Measles Zero-Dose After SIA % (95%CI) |
1 | 2019 | Democratic People’s Republic of Korea | SEAR | 98 | 99.7 | Almost all were verified by record in Primary Health Facility. Only recall were 7 children who had records in a different health facility | 99.9% (99.09–99.87) | NA | 81% yes, 18.6% unsure, 0.4% no | NR | NA | NA |
2 | 2019 | Zimbabwe | AFR | 85 | 91 | NR | 78.7% (77.35– 79.98) | NA | NA | NR | NR | NR |
3 | 2020 | Burkina Faso | AFR | 88 | 106 | 38.7% (87.8% received one) | 84.4% (83.6–85.2%) | 93% 12–23 months 81% 24–35 months | 87,8% 12–23 m 84.8% 24–35 m | NR | NR | 4.80% |
4 | 2020 | Cameroon | AFR | 61 | 92 | 8.30% | 69.7% (68.34–71.01) | NA | NR | 35.70% | NR | NR |
5 | 2020 | Ethiopia | AFR | 59 | 102.8 | 81.10% | 81.5% (80.0–83.0%) | NA | 80.30% | NR | 56.70% | 8.10% |
6 | 2020 | Uganda | AFR | 87 | 107 | 48.5 (78.4% received one) | 94.4% (93.0–95.5) | 25.30% | 85.40% | 12.00% | NR | 2.60% |
7 | 2021 | Central African Republic † | AFR | 41 | 102 for 6–59 m 85.5 for 5–10 yrs | 25% (83% received one) | 94.6% (92.9–96.0%) | NA | 25.2% 12–23 m 15.3% 24–35 m | NR | NR | 3.40% |
8 | 2021 | Chad | AFR | 53 | 108.8 (Phase1) 107.5 (Phase2) | 11% (19% reported not having received a card) | 77.4% (74.8–79.8%) | NA | Available as an analysis added later, not in main report. 41.1% 12–23 m 28.2% 24–35 m | NR | 73.5% (IC95%:70.2–76.5%) | 20% (IC95%: 17.6–22.5%) |
9 | 2021 | Democratic Republic of the Congo | AFR | 65 | 101.6 | 6.89%; 4.93% (correctly filled in) | 87.52% (87.50–87.53%) | NR | 80.70% | NR | 61.06%. | 7.61% |
10 | 2021 | Kenya ‡ | AFR | 90 | 111 | NR | 84.20% | NA | NA | NR | 80.10% | NR |
11 | 2021 | Nepal | SEAR | 87 | 101 | 43% | 84% (82–87) Phase 1: 87% (85–89) phase 2: 81% (77–85) | 51.40% | 95.50% | Small sample size of previously zero-dose | Small sample size of previously zero-dose | NR |
12 | 2021 | Pakistan | EMR | 81 | 105 | 80% | 93.6% (92.7–94.4) | 47% | 71.5% (and 10% unkown status) 79% for children under 2 years | NR | NR | NR |
13 | 2021 | Zambia | AFR | 96 | 91.3 | NA | 68.90% | 63% had documented evidence | 88.5 | NA | NA | NA |
14 | 2022 | Burundi | AFR | 89 | 93 | 15% | 88.60% | 91.8% 12–23 m 86.1% 24–35 m | 85.90% | NR | NR | NR |
15 | 2022 | Madagascar | AFR | 44 | 95.11 | 56.30% | 65.3% (56.8–72.9) | NA | 69.50% | NR | NR | 19.20% |
16 | 2022 | Somalia | EMR | 46 | 90 | NA | 86.0 (83.7–88.0) | 25% 12–23 | 65% | NR | 33.1% 14.1% 12–23 m 37.2% 24–35 m | NR |
17 | 2022 or 2023 | Syrian Arab Republic | EMR | 52 | 75.62 | 54.40% | 80.7% (79.35%–81.94%) | NA | 82.8 12–23 m 93.6 24–59 m | NR | 54.30% | NR |
18 | 2023 | Cameroon | AFR | 71 | 94.38 | 31.8% (84.9% received a card) | 69.5 (66.4–72.5) | NA | NR | 22.10% | 62.30% | 13.3% |
19 | 2023 | Democratic Republic of the Congo | AFR | 52 | 103.6 (May) 85.7 (August) 101.1 (September) | 12.88% | 94.60% (94.60%–94.61%) | ~3.5% (3.47% vaccinated by card seen) | 78.30% | NR | 75.01% | NA |
20 | 2023 | Malawi | AFR | 87 | 82.4 | 38.8% | 75.7% (72.3–79.0) | NA | NR | NR | 27.6% for 12–35 m | NR |
21 | 2023 | Niger | AFR | 65 | 105 | 71.8% (86.2% received one) | 92.7% (90.8–94.1) | NA | NA | NR | 91.60% | 4.60% |
22 | 2023 | Nigeria | AFR | 60 | 96.67 (October) 103.95 (November) 4,823,266 (December) | 47% card and 9.9% finger marking | 87% (84–90) | NR | NR | 12% | NR | NR |
23 | 2023 | Yemen ‡ | EMR | 45 | 91 | NA | 84.2% (95% CI: 83.8–84.6) | NA | NR | NR | 12% | NR |
24 | 2024 | Ethiopia | AFR | 55 | 98.7 | 16% | 87.10% | 3940 (~25%) | 73.80% | 14.00% | 72% | NR |
Number of Measles Vaccine Doses Prior to SIA | Vaccinated During SIA (%) | 95% CI (%) | Vaccinated During SIA (Weighted N) | Weighted N |
---|---|---|---|---|
Zero | 37.2 | (31.8, 42.8) | 81 | 217 |
1 Dose | 92.8 | (89.5, 95.1) | 540 | 582 |
2+ Doses | 90.9 | (86.6, 94.0) | 812 | 894 |
Somalia 2023 (Total) | 84.7 | (81.6, 87.3) | 1433 | 1692 |
State | % Vac’d During SIA | Total # Children | Total # of Clusters | # Clusters with 100% Children vac’d’ | # Clusters with >50–99.9% Children vac’d | # Clusters with ≤50% Children vac’d | DEFF | ICC |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Banadir | 89.8 | 3604 | 74 | 13 | 57 | 4 | 11.7 | 0.2216 |
Galmudug | 86.1 | 3338 | 76 | 10 | 61 | 5 | 10.8 | 0.1634 |
Hirshabelle | 82.6 | 4372 | 76 | 17 | 47 | 12 | 28.5 | 0.4284 |
Jubbaland | 83.8 | 2781 | 76 | 29 | 39 | 8 | 26.7 | 0.4465 |
Puntland | 88.6 | 3279 | 73 | 18 | 52 | 3 | 14.0 | 0.2361 |
Southwest | 87 | 3542 | 75 | 20 | 48 | 7 | 17.7 | 0.2791 |
Total | 87 | 20,916 | 450 | 107 | 304 | 39 | 21.3 | 0.3116 |
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Danovaro-Holliday, M.C.; Koh, M.; Steulet, C.; Rhoda, D.A.; Trimner, M.K. Lessons from Recent Measles Post-Campaign Coverage Surveys Worldwide. Vaccines 2024, 12, 1257. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines12111257
Danovaro-Holliday MC, Koh M, Steulet C, Rhoda DA, Trimner MK. Lessons from Recent Measles Post-Campaign Coverage Surveys Worldwide. Vaccines. 2024; 12(11):1257. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines12111257
Chicago/Turabian StyleDanovaro-Holliday, M. Carolina, Mitsuki Koh, Claudia Steulet, Dale A. Rhoda, and Mary Kay Trimner. 2024. "Lessons from Recent Measles Post-Campaign Coverage Surveys Worldwide" Vaccines 12, no. 11: 1257. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines12111257
APA StyleDanovaro-Holliday, M. C., Koh, M., Steulet, C., Rhoda, D. A., & Trimner, M. K. (2024). Lessons from Recent Measles Post-Campaign Coverage Surveys Worldwide. Vaccines, 12(11), 1257. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines12111257