Nationwide Discrete Choice Experiment on Chinese Guardians’ Preferences for HPV Vaccination for Mothers and Daughters
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design
2.2. Sample Recruitment and Data Collection
2.3. Discrete Choice Experiment Scales
2.4. Quality Control
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. The Demographic Characteristics of Study Participants
3.2. Willingness for Guardians’ HPV Vaccination
3.3. Willingness for Daughters’ HPV Vaccination
3.4. Willingness to Pay Based on the Attributes of HPV Vaccines
3.5. Willingness to Uptake HPV Vaccines of Different Attributes
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characteristics | N | % | |
---|---|---|---|
Relationship with daughter | Mother | 4179 | 84.72 |
Father | 754 | 15.28 | |
Age | 25–34 | 527 | 10.68 |
35–44 | 3138 | 63.61 | |
45–55 | 1268 | 25.70 | |
Daughter’s age | 9–14 | 2622 | 53.15 |
15–18 | 2311 | 46.85 | |
Occupation | Enterprise staff | 2751 | 55.77 |
Farmers | 2182 | 44.23 | |
Education | Junior high school or below | 2910 | 58.99 |
Senior high school | 734 | 14.88 | |
Bachelor or above | 1289 | 26.13 | |
Daughter’s grade | Grade 4 | 551 | 11.17 |
Grade 5 | 446 | 9.04 | |
Grade 6 | 543 | 11.01 | |
Grade 7 | 370 | 7.50 | |
Grade 8 | 480 | 9.73 | |
Grade 9 | 624 | 12.65 | |
Grade 10 | 659 | 13.36 | |
Grade 11 | 605 | 12.26 | |
Grade 12 | 655 | 13.28 | |
Family income | <423 | 2003 | 40.60 |
423–704 | 1811 | 36.71 | |
>704 | 1119 | 22.68 | |
Residence | Rural | 3468 | 70.30 |
Urban | 1465 | 29.70 |
Attribute | Levels | β | 95% CIc | 95% CIa | p | Rural | Urban | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
β | 95% CIc | β | 95% CIc | ||||||
Protective effect | 50% | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | |||||
75% | 0.36 | (0.33, 0.39) | (0.33, 0.39) | <0.001 | 0.35 | (0.32, 0.39) | 0.38 | (0.33, 0.44) | |
95% | 0.73 | (0.71, 0.76) | (0.71, 0.76) | <0.0001 | 0.72 | (0.69, 0.75) | 0.77 | (0.72, 0.81) | |
Safety | Average | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | |||||
Good | 0.49 | (0.45, 0.53) | (0.45, 0.53) | <0.001 | 0.50 | (0.45, 0.55) | 0.47 | (0.39, 0.54) | |
Very good | 0.54 | (0.50, 0.57) | (0.50, 0.57) | <0.001 | 0.55 | (0.51, 0.59) | 0.51 | (0.45, 0.57) | |
Effect duration | 5 years | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | |||||
15 years | 0.34 | (0.31, 0.37) | (0.31, 0.37) | <0.001 | 0.34 | (0.30, 0.37) | 0.35 | (0.30, 0.40) | |
Lifelong | 0.55 | (0.53, 0.58) | (0.53, 0.58) | <0.001 | 0.59 | (0.55, 0.62) | 0.48 | (0.43, 0.53) | |
Location | Domestic | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | |||||
Imported | −0.04 | (−0.06, −0.01) | (−0.06, −0.01) | 0.002 | −0.07 | (−0.10, −0.05) | 0.05 | (0.01, 0.09) | |
Vaccine type | 2-valent | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | |||||
4-valent | 0.23 | (0.20, 0.26) | (0.20, 0.26) | <0.001 | 0.24 | (0.20, 0.28) | 0.21 | (0.15, 0.27) | |
9-valent | 0.28 | (0.25, 0.31) | (0.25, 0.31) | <0.001 | 0.27 | (0.24, 0.31) | 0.28 | (0.22, 0.33) | |
Full payment | −0.09 | (−0.10, −0.08) | (−0.10, −0.08) | <0.001 | −0.10 | (−0.11, −0.09) | −0.06 | (−0.08, −0.05) |
Attribute | Levels | β | 95% CIc | 95% CIa | p | Rural | Urban | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
β | 95% CIc | β | 95% CIc | ||||||
Protective effect | 50% | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | |||||
75% | 0.36 | (0.33, 0.39) | (0.33, 0.39) | <0.001 | 0.35 | (0.32, 0.39) | 0.39 | (0.34, 0.45) | |
95% | 0.75 | (0.72, 0.77) | (0.72, 0.77) | <0.001 | 0.72 | (0.69, 0.75) | 0.80 | (0.75, 0.85) | |
Safety | Average | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | |||||
Good | 0.50 | (0.46, 0.54) | (0.46, 0.54) | <0.001 | 0.51 | (0.46, 0.56) | 0.49 | (0.41, 0.56) | |
Very good | 0.55 | (0.52, 0.59) | (0.52, 0.59) | <0.001 | 0.57 | (0.52, 0.61) | 0.52 | (0.46, 0.59) | |
Effect duration | 5 years | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | |||||
15 years | 0.34 | (0.33, 0.38) | (0.33, 0.38) | <0.001 | 0.35 | (0.31, 0.38) | 0.38 | (0.33, 0.44) | |
Lifelong | 0.52 | (0.49, 0.55) | (0.49, 0.55) | <0.001 | 0.55 | (0.52, 0.59) | 0.45 | (0.40, 0.50) | |
Location | Domestic | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | |||||
Imported | −0.02 | (−0.04, 0.01) | (−0.04, 0.01) | 0.151 | −0.05 | (−0.08, −0.03) | 0.07 | (0.03, 0.11) | |
Vaccine type | 2-valent | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | |||||
4-valent | 0.20 | (0.17, 0.24) | (0.17, 0.24) | <0.001 | 0.20 | (0.16, 0.24) | 0.20 | (0.14, 0.26) | |
9-valent | 0.34 | (0.31, 0.37) | (0.31, 0.37) | <0.001 | 0.32 | (0.29, 0.36) | 0.40 | (0.34, 0.45) | |
Full payment | −0.03 | (−0.04, −0.02) | (−0.04, −0.02) | <0.001 | −0.04 | (−0.05, −0.03) | 0.00 | (−0.02, 0.02) |
Attribute | All | Education | Family Income | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Junior High School or Below | Senior High School | Bachelor or Above | <423 | 423–704 | >704 | ||
Protective effect | |||||||
50% | |||||||
75% | |||||||
Guardians | 565 (518, 612) | 462 (409, 515) | 755 (603, 905) | 806 (683, 928) | 369 (316, 419) | 583 (501, 663) | 2165 (1843, 2483) |
Daughters | 1710 (1568, 1850) | 1131 (1002, 1258) | 4133 (3319, 4937) | 7820 (6634, 8996) | 854 (741, 969) | 1928 (1656, 2197) | 3313 (2810, 3816) |
95% | |||||||
Guardians | 1147 (1106, 1188) | 946 (901, 991) | 1460 (1332, 1589) | 1650 (1544, 1756) | 759 (714, 804) | 1210 (1139, 1282) | 4172 (3893, 4453) |
Daughters | 3498 (3376, 3620) | 2323 (2213, 2430) | 7934 (7233, 8644) | 16,456 (15,430, 17,477) | 1701 (1605, 1795) | 4182 (3946, 4422) | 6520 (6081, 6962) |
Safety | |||||||
Average | Ref. | ||||||
Good | |||||||
Guardians | 767 (703, 833) | 668 (597, 740) | 889 (685, 1093) | 1034 (867, 1201) | 486 (415, 557) | 813 (702, 923) | 2939 (2498, 3378) |
Daughters | 2347 (2155, 2535) | 1607 (1433, 1778) | 4948 (3843, 6042) | 10,753 (9134, 12,362) | 1103 (946, 1260) | 2766 (2398, 3133) | 4653 (3961, 5344) |
Very good | |||||||
Guardians | 842 (787, 897) | 743 (683, 804) | 951 (777, 1124) | 1118 (975, 1260) | 540 (480, 600) | 901 (806, 995) | 3127 (2747, 3507) |
Daughters | 2596 (2432, 2756) | 1844 (1696, 1990) | 5167 (4211, 6119) | 11,244 (9872, 12,628) | 1260 (1127, 1394) | 3063 (2750, 3377) | 4889 (4304, 5467) |
Effect duration | |||||||
5 years | Ref. | ||||||
15 years | |||||||
Guardians | 532 (490, 574) | 433 (386, 481) | 705 (569, 840) | 765 (656, 876) | 333 (286, 380) | 553 (478, 627) | 2144 (1843, 2443) |
Daughters | 1676 (1545, 1803) | 1065 (950, 1180) | 4078 (3307, 4843) | 8233 (7134, 9339) | 1292 (1183, 1402) | 2938 (2677, 3196) | 3827 (3339, 4314) |
Lifelong | Ref. | ||||||
Guardians | 867 (822, 912) | 792 (742, 842) | 998 (855, 1142) | 1038 (920, 1157) | 635 (586, 685) | 903 (824, 980) | 2660 (2348, 2968) |
Daughters | 2441 (2305, 2577) | 792 (742, 842) | 998 (855, 1142) | 1038 (920, 1157) | 1292 (1183, 1402) | 2938 (2677, 3196) | 3827 (3339, 4314) |
Location | |||||||
Domestic | Ref. | ||||||
Imported | |||||||
Guardians | −56 (−92, −20) | −111 (−150, −71) | −9 (−123, 104) | 109 (14, 202) | −90 (−130, −52) | −22 (−83, 40) | 63 (−179, 301) |
Daughters | −80 (−184, 28) | −190 (−285, −93) | 248 (−379, 866) | 1105 (199, 2011) | −99 (−185, −14) | −107 (−310, 101) | 259 (−121, 634) |
Vaccine type | |||||||
2 valent | Ref. | ||||||
4 valent | |||||||
Guardians | 362 (311, 412) | 351 (295, 406) | 342 (180, 505) | 411 (282, 543) | 263 (207, 319) | 377 (289, 464) | 1154 (803, 1503) |
Daughters | 953 (803, 1103) | 714 (579, 847) | 1550 (674, 2417) | 4004 (2738, 5258) | 494 (372, 619) | 1160 (867, 1451) | 1554 (1006, 2107) |
9 valent | Ref. | ||||||
Guardians | 430 (383, 477) | 380 (327, 433) | 519 (372, 667) | 546 (423, 668) | 267 (216, 319) | 474 (393, 556) | 1613 (1292, 1932) |
Daughters | 1615 (1474, 1756) | 1041 (914, 1170) | 3548 (2737, 4355) | 8156 (6975, 9338) | 753 (639, 867) | 1963 (1695, 2236) | 3126 (2625, 3632) |
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Zhao, J.; Zhao, T.; Zhang, S.; Huang, N.; Du, J.; Liu, Y.; Lu, Q.; Wang, C.; Cui, F. Nationwide Discrete Choice Experiment on Chinese Guardians’ Preferences for HPV Vaccination for Mothers and Daughters. Vaccines 2024, 12, 1186. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines12101186
Zhao J, Zhao T, Zhang S, Huang N, Du J, Liu Y, Lu Q, Wang C, Cui F. Nationwide Discrete Choice Experiment on Chinese Guardians’ Preferences for HPV Vaccination for Mothers and Daughters. Vaccines. 2024; 12(10):1186. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines12101186
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhao, Jun, Tianshuo Zhao, Sihui Zhang, Ninghua Huang, Juan Du, Yaqiong Liu, Qingbin Lu, Chao Wang, and Fuqiang Cui. 2024. "Nationwide Discrete Choice Experiment on Chinese Guardians’ Preferences for HPV Vaccination for Mothers and Daughters" Vaccines 12, no. 10: 1186. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines12101186
APA StyleZhao, J., Zhao, T., Zhang, S., Huang, N., Du, J., Liu, Y., Lu, Q., Wang, C., & Cui, F. (2024). Nationwide Discrete Choice Experiment on Chinese Guardians’ Preferences for HPV Vaccination for Mothers and Daughters. Vaccines, 12(10), 1186. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines12101186