COVID-19 Vaccine Information Exposure: The Effect of Online Authority vs. Non-Authority Sources on Beliefs, Emotions and Information Engagement Behaviors
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Vaccine-Related Information Engagement
1.2. Stimulus–Organism–Response (S-O-R) Paradigm
1.3. Information Sources and Vaccination Beliefs
1.4. Information Sources, Fear, and Hope
1.5. Health Beliefs, Fear, and Hope
1.6. Information Exposure, Beliefs, Emotions and Information Engagement
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Method
2.2. Measures
2.3. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Descriptive Results
3.2. Hypotheses Testing
4. Discussion
4.1. Practical Implications
4.2. Limitations
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. Non-Authority Source Exposure | |||||||
2. Authority Source Exposure | 0.37 ** | ||||||
3. Information Engagement | 0.67 ** | 0.30 ** | |||||
4. Fear Connected to Vaccination | 0.44 ** | 0.08 | 0.50 ** | ||||
5. Hope Connected to Vaccination | 0.32 ** | 0.48 ** | 0.44 ** | 0.14 ** | |||
6. Perceived Vaccination Benefits | 0.18 ** | 0.56 ** | 0.13 * | −0.04 | 0.52 ** | ||
7. Perceived Vaccination Barriers | 0.54 ** | 0.07 | 0.50 ** | 0.61 ** | 0.02 | −0.11 ** | |
M | 3.02 | 3.64 | 2.28 | 2.47 | 3.16 | 3.62 | 2.80 |
SD | 1.17 | 1.04 | 0.92 | 1.25 | 1.30 | 1.03 | 1.06 |
Dependent Variables | df (between-Group) | F | p |
---|---|---|---|
Exposure to Non-Authority Sources | 3 | 29.18 | *** |
Exposure to Authority Sources | 3 | 4.13 | 0.007 |
Perceived Vaccination Benefits | 3 | 16.20 | *** |
Perceived Vaccination Barriers | 3 | 23.61 | *** |
Fear Connected to Vaccination | 3 | 19.30 | *** |
Hope Connected to Vaccination | 3 | 2.66 | 0.048 |
Information Engagement | 3 | 30.88 | *** |
Group 1 | Group 2 | Group 3 | Group 4 | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
18–29 N = 176 | 30–39 N = 212 | 40–49 N = 83 | 50 and up N = 156 | Group Comparisons * | |||||
M | SD | M | SD | M | SD | M | SD | ||
Exposure to Non-Authority Sources | 3.16 | 0.98 | 3.19 | 1.16 | 3.53 | 1.16 | 2.33 | 1.10 | G1 > G4; G2 > G4; G3 > G4 |
Exposure to Authority Sources | 3.41 | 1.10 | 3.73 | 1.03 | 3.70 | 1.04 | 3.74 | 0.95 | G1 < G2; G1 < G4 |
Perceived Vaccination Benefits | 3.27 | 0.89 | 3.60 | 1.09 | 3.75 | .93 | 4.01 | 0.99 | G1 < G2; G1 < G3; G1 < G4; G2 < G4 |
Perceived Vaccination Barriers | 2.98 | 0.88 | 2.90 | 1.10 | 3.21 | 1.06 | 2.23 | 0.98 | G1 > G4; G2 > G4; G3 > G4 |
Fear Connected to Vaccination | 2.81 | 1.13 | 2.50 | 1.28 | 2.78 | 1.33 | 1.88 | 1.09 | G1 > G4; G2 > G4; G3 > G4 |
Hope Connected to Vaccination | 3.08 | 1.15 | 3.06 | 1.37 | 3.50 | 1.26 | 3.21 | 1.39 | G2 < G3 |
Information Engagement | 2.54 | 0.78 | 2.35 | 0.97 | 2.56 | 0.95 | 1.72 | 0.72 | G1 > G4; G2 > G4; G3 > G4 |
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Xu, X.; Lin, C.A. COVID-19 Vaccine Information Exposure: The Effect of Online Authority vs. Non-Authority Sources on Beliefs, Emotions and Information Engagement Behaviors. Vaccines 2024, 12, 1096. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines12101096
Xu X, Lin CA. COVID-19 Vaccine Information Exposure: The Effect of Online Authority vs. Non-Authority Sources on Beliefs, Emotions and Information Engagement Behaviors. Vaccines. 2024; 12(10):1096. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines12101096
Chicago/Turabian StyleXu, Xiaowen, and Carolyn A. Lin. 2024. "COVID-19 Vaccine Information Exposure: The Effect of Online Authority vs. Non-Authority Sources on Beliefs, Emotions and Information Engagement Behaviors" Vaccines 12, no. 10: 1096. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines12101096