COVID-19 Virus and Vaccination Attitudes among Healthcare Workers in Michigan: A Cross-Sectional Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design
2.2. Participants
2.3. Measures
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Clinician Characteristics
3.2. Attitudes towards the COVID-19 Virus and Vaccines
3.3. Major Factors for Recommending a COVID-19 Vaccine to a Patient
3.4. Attitudes and Beliefs of HCWs Unlikely to Receive a COVID-19 Vaccine
4. Discussion
4.1. Gender Disparities across Vaccinations
4.2. Variations in Vaccine Views and Hesitancy across Different Age Demographics
4.3. Race, Ethnicity, and Disparities in Rates of Vaccination among HCWs
4.4. HCW Provider Type and Varying Levels of Trust in Vaccine Research
4.5. Views on Vaccine Safety and Efficacy Based on Medical Specialty
4.6. Top Factors for Recommending the COVID-19 Vaccine
4.7. Limitations
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
List of Abbreviations
CDC | Centers for Disease Control |
CITI | Collaborative Institutional Training Initiative |
CMU | Central Michigan University |
COVID-19 | Coronavirus disease 2019 |
FM | Family medicine |
HCWs | Healthcare workers |
IRB | Institutional Review Board |
NFM | Non-family medicine |
NPC | Non-primary care |
PC | Primary care |
SPSS | Statistical Package for Social Sciences |
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N% | |
---|---|
Gender | |
Female | 64 (53.8%) |
Age | |
25–34 years | 23 (19.2%) |
35–44 years | 34 (28.3%) |
45–54 years | 22 (18.3%) |
55–64 years | 31 (25.8%) |
65+ years | 10 (8.3%) |
Race/Ethnicity | |
White | 98 (82.4%) |
All other races | 21 (17.6%) |
Provider types | |
Physicians | 82 (68.9%) |
Nurse practitioners | 20 (16.8%) |
Clinicians in training | 17 (14.3%) |
Family medicine | |
Family medicine | 45 (37.8%) |
Other specialties | 74 (62.2%) |
Primary care | |
Primary care | 74 (62.2%) |
Other specialties | 45 (37.8%) |
Flu shot last year | |
Yes | 115 (96.6%) |
Flu shot this year | |
Yes | 112 (96.6%) |
Tested for COVID-19 | |
Yes | 75 (61.0%) |
Getting a COVID-19 vaccine | |
Yes (Somewhat likely, very likely, definitely will, already received vaccine) | 117 (95.9%) |
Recommended the COVID-19 vaccine | |
Yes (Extremely likely, very likely, somewhat likely) | 114 (98.3%) |
Abbreviated Item Content | Female N = 64 | Male N = 55 | t-Test | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Concern about contracting COVID-19 virus | 1.52 | 1.09 | 2.59 | 0.011 |
Belief in CDC recommendations | 1.88 | 1.65 | 1.90 | 0.061 |
Concern about long term effects of vaccine | 0.67 | 0.42 | 1.71 | 0.09 |
Hard to know whom to trust for info | 0.33 | 0.6 | −1.78 | 0.077 |
Abbreviated Item Content | 25–34 N = 23 | 35–44 N = 34 | 45–54 N = 22 | 55–64 N = 31 | 65 + N = 10 | F | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Concern about contracting COVID-19 virus | 1.43 | 1.53 | 1.41 | 0.87 | 1.4 | 2.661 | 0.036 |
Concern about side effects of vaccine | 0.3 | 0.62 | 0.64 | 0.19 | 1 | 2.982 | 0.022 |
Negative experience with previous vaccine | 0 | 0.12 | 0.18 | 0.06 | 0.8 | 5.112 | <0.001 |
Historical mistreatment with Black | 0.26 | 0.15 | 0.32 | 0.06 | 0.7 | 2.824 | 0.028 |
Difficult to travel | 0 | 0 | 0.05 | 0 | 0.2 | 2.338 | 0.059 |
Worried about missing work | 0.43 | 0.59 | 0.55 | 0.06 | 0.2 | 2.32 | 0.061 |
Find childcare | 1.04 | 1.65 | 1.27 | 1.1 | 1 | 2.403 | 0.054 |
Religion | 0 | 0.06 | 0.18 | 0.03 | 0.4 | 2.28 | 0.065 |
Abbreviated Item Content | White N = 98 | All Other N = 21 | t-Test | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Vaccine developed too quickly | 0.25 | 0.71 | −2.41 | 0.024 |
Concern about long term effects of vaccine | 0.5 | 0.9 | −2.03 | 0.051 |
Social circle is not receiving vaccine | 0.6 | 0.24 | 2.46 | 0.017 |
Institution told me to get vaccine | 1.6 | 1.9 | −2.43 | 0.019 |
Better for social circle and community to get vaccine | 1.9 | 1.52 | 1.92 | 0.068 |
Abbreviated Item Content | Physicians N = 82 | Nurse Practitioners N = 20 | Clinicians in Training N = 17 | F | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Adequate testing of vaccine | 1.76 | 1.85 | 1.41 | 2.858 | 0.061 |
Concern about long term effects of vaccine | 0.41 | 0.8 | 0.94 | 4.192 | 0.017 |
Abbreviated Item Content | FM N = 45 | NFM N = 74 | t-Test | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Adequate testing of vaccine | 1.87 | 1.64 | 2.23 | 0.028 |
Negative experience with previous vaccine | 0.04 | 0.22 | −2.02 | 0.046 |
Social circle told me to get vaccine | 1.29 | 1.61 | −1.87 | 0.066 |
Social circle is not receiving vaccine | 0.71 | 0.43 | 1.70 | 0.094 |
Abbreviated Item Content | PC N = 74 | NPC N = 45 | t-Test | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Negative experience with previous vaccine | 0.03 | 0.36 | −2.78 | 0.008 |
Social circle told me to get vaccine | 1.38 | 1.67 | −1.87 | 0.065 |
Factor for COVID-19 Vaccine Recommendation | Frequency (N) |
---|---|
Efficacy of vaccine | 47 |
Safety of vaccine and long-term follow-up | 14 |
Duration of protection by vaccine | 0 |
Incidence of major and minor adverse effects | 2 |
Recommendation of vaccine by political officials | 1 |
Recommendation of vaccine by healthcare authorities | 12 |
Current exposure to patients with active COVID-19 infection and risk of virus spread | 35 |
Total | 111 |
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Takagi, M.A.; Hess, S.; Gawronski, K.; Haddad, N.; Noveloso, B.; Zyzanski, S.; Ragina, N. COVID-19 Virus and Vaccination Attitudes among Healthcare Workers in Michigan: A Cross-Sectional Study. Vaccines 2023, 11, 1105. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines11061105
Takagi MA, Hess S, Gawronski K, Haddad N, Noveloso B, Zyzanski S, Ragina N. COVID-19 Virus and Vaccination Attitudes among Healthcare Workers in Michigan: A Cross-Sectional Study. Vaccines. 2023; 11(6):1105. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines11061105
Chicago/Turabian StyleTakagi, Maya Asami, Samantha Hess, Karissa Gawronski, Nicholas Haddad, Bernard Noveloso, Stephen Zyzanski, and Neli Ragina. 2023. "COVID-19 Virus and Vaccination Attitudes among Healthcare Workers in Michigan: A Cross-Sectional Study" Vaccines 11, no. 6: 1105. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines11061105
APA StyleTakagi, M. A., Hess, S., Gawronski, K., Haddad, N., Noveloso, B., Zyzanski, S., & Ragina, N. (2023). COVID-19 Virus and Vaccination Attitudes among Healthcare Workers in Michigan: A Cross-Sectional Study. Vaccines, 11(6), 1105. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines11061105