Determinants of COVID Vaccination Willingness among Health and Non-Health Studies Students: A Cross-Sectional Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design and Setting
2.1.1. Participants
2.1.2. Questionnaire
2.2. Data Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | Overall Sample N = 752 | Are You Planning to Be Vaccinated against COVID-19? | p | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Yes | No | Do Not Know | |||
Gender; N (%) | |||||
Male | 112 (14.9) | 41 (36.6) | 36 (32.1) | 35 (31.3) | 0.058 † |
Female | 640 (85.1) | 165 (25.8) | 250 (39.1) | 225 (35.2) | |
Age; median (IQR) | 21 (3) | 22 (4) | 21 (3) | 21 (3) | <0.001 # |
Field of study; N (%) | |||||
Health sciences | 272 (36.2) | 88 (32.4) | 87 (32) | 97 (35.7) | <0.001 † |
Natural sciences | 270 (35.9) | 82 (30.4) | 99 (36.7) | 89 (33) | |
Social sciences | 210 (27.9) | 36 (17.1) | 100 (47.6) | 74 (35.2) | |
University programs; N (%) | |||||
Undergraduate degree | 636 (84.6) | 172 (27.0) | 246 (38.7) | 218 (34.3) | 0.689 † |
Graduate degree | 116 (15.4) | 34 (29.3) | 40 (34.5) | 42 (36.2) | |
Place of residence; N (%) | |||||
Urban | 515 (68.5) | 139 (27) | 188 (36.5) | 188 (36.5) | 0.563 † |
Semi-urban | 138 (18.4) | 39 (28.3) | 56 (40.6) | 43 (31.2) | |
Village | 99 (13.2) | 28 (28.3) | 42 (42.4) | 29 (29.3) | |
Living with N (%) | |||||
Alone | 83 (11) | 21 (25.3) | 31 (37.3) | 31 (37.3) | 0.591 † |
In a family with one more member/or partner | 126 (16.8) | 44 (34.9) | 43 (34.1) | 39 (31.0) | |
In a family (more than two members) | 456 (60.6) | 119 (26.1) | 179 (39.3) | 158 (34.6) | |
On the student campus | 87 (11.6) | 22 (25.3) | 33 (37.9) | 32 (36.8) | |
Attending classes; N (%) | |||||
In person (contact classes) | 12 (1.6) | 3 (25) | 3 (25) | 6 (50) | 0.564 †† |
Online | 136 (18.1) | 37 (27.2) | 55 (40.4) | 44 (32.4) | |
Combined (contact and online) | 357 (47.5) | 102 (28.6) | 141 (39.5) | 114 (31.9) | |
Did not have classes (studying for exam deadlines) | 247 (32.8) | 64 (25.9) | 87 (35.2) | 96 (38.9) | |
Presence of chronic diseases; N (%) | |||||
Yes | 92 (12.2) | 29 (31.5) | 32 (34.8) | 31 (33.7) | 0.617 † |
No | 660 (87.8) | 177 (26.8) | 254 (38.5) | 229 (34.7) | |
COVID-19; N (%) | |||||
Yes | 142 (18.9) | 43 (30.3) | 49 (34.5) | 50 (35.2) | 0.326 † |
No | 371 (49.3) | 109 (29.4) | 141 (38) | 121 (32.6) | |
Do not know | 239 (31.8) | 54 (22.6) | 96 (40.2) | 89 (37.2) | |
COVID-19 symptoms; N (%) | |||||
Asymptomatic disease | 32 (4.3) | 9 (28.1) | 15 (46.9) | 8 (25) | 0.391 †† |
Mild to moderate symptoms | 131 (17.4) | 35 (26.7) | 49 (37.4) | 47 (35.9) | |
Severe symptoms | 19 (2.5) | 8 (42.1) | 3 (15.8) | 8 (42.1) | |
I did not have COVID-19 | 570 (75.8) | 154 (27) | 219 (38.4) | 197 (34.6) | |
Do you think that the epidemiological measures taken thus far have been effective in preventing the spread of the disease?; N (%) | |||||
Yes | 269 (35.8) | 101 (37.5) | 63 (23.4) | 105 (39) | <0.001 † |
No | 269 (35.8) | 51 (19) | 139 (51.7) | 79 (29.4) | |
Do not know | 214 (28.5) | 54 (25.2) | 84 (39.3) | 76 (35.5) | |
Do you think that the Civil Protection Directorate should reintroduce lockdown?; N (%) | |||||
Yes | 60 (8) | 26 (43.3) | 18 (30) | 16 (26.7) | 0.002 † |
No | 628 (83.5) | 154 (24.5) | 252 (40.1) | 222 (35.4) | |
Do not know | 64 (8.5) | 26 (40.6) | 16 (25) | 22 (34.4) | |
Sources of information about COVID-19; N (%) | |||||
Credible sources of information * | 220 (29.3) | 79 (35.9) | 60 (27.3) | 81 (36.8) | <0.001 † |
Less credible sources of information ** | 410 (54.5) | 109 (26.6) | 167 (40.7) | 134 (32.7) | |
I do not think about it | 122 (16.2) | 18 (14.8) | 59 (48.4) | 45 (36.9) | |
Adherence to the epidemiological measures; median (IQR) | 8 (2) | 9 (2) | 8 (4) | 8 (7) | <0.001 # |
Confidence in the experts of the Civil Protection Directorate of Croatia; median (IQR) | 5 (4) | 7 (3) | 3 (5) | 6 (4) | <0.001 # |
Health Sciences (N = 272) | Natural Sciences (N = 270) | Social Sciences (N = 210) | p | |
---|---|---|---|---|
COVID-19; N (%) | ||||
Yes | 63 (23.2) | 48 (17.8) | 31 (14.8) | 0.003 † |
No | 144 (52.9) | 119 (44.1) | 108 (51.4) | |
Do not know | 65 (23.9) | 103 (38.1) | 71 (33.8) | |
University programs; N (%) | ||||
Undergraduate degree | 272 (100) | 204 (75.6) | 160 (76.2) | <0.001 †† |
Graduate degree | 0 (0) | 66 (24.4) | 50 (23.8) | |
Attending classes; N (%) | ||||
In person (contact classes) | 0 (0) | 12 (4.4) | 0 (0) | <0.001 †† |
Online | 89 (32.7) | 29 (10.7) | 18 (8.6) | |
Combined (contact and online) | 183 (67.3) | 93 (34.4) | 81 (38.6) | |
Did not have classes (studying for exam deadlines) | 0 (0) | 136 (50.4) | 111 (52.9) | |
Are you planning to be vaccinated against COVID-19? | ||||
Yes | 88 (32.4) | 82 (30.4) | 36 (17.1) | 0.001 † |
No | 87 (32) | 99 (36.7) | 100 (47.6) | |
Do not know | 97 (35.7) | 89 (33) | 74 (35.2) | |
Do you think that the epidemiological measures taken thus far have been effective in preventing the spread of the disease?; N (%) | ||||
Yes | 117 (43) | 82 (30.4) | 70 (33.3) | 0.004 † |
No | 76 (27.9) | 106 (39.3) | 87 (41.4) | |
Do not know | 79 (29) | 82 (30.4) | 53 (25.2) | |
Sources of information about COVID-19; N (%) | ||||
Credible sources of information * | 92 (33.8) | 67 (24.8) | 61 (29) | 0.207 † |
Less credible sources of information ** | 138 (50.7) | 154 (57) | 118 (56.2) | |
I do not think about it | 42 (15.4) | 49 (18.1) | 31 (14.8) | |
Adherence to the epidemiological measures; median (IQR) | 9 (3) | 8 (3) | 8 (2) | <0.001 # |
Confidence in the experts of the Civil Protection Directorate of Croatia; median (IQR) | 6 (4) | 5 (5) | 5 (4) | <0.001 # |
Variables | Odds Ratio (95% CI) | p |
---|---|---|
Age (years) | 1.069 (1.033–1.105) | <0.001 |
Women (men are referent group) | 0.594 (0.374–0.944) | 0.027 |
Field of study (Health sciences is referent group) | ||
Natural sciences | 1.175 (0.697–1.981) | 0.545 |
Social sciences | 0.560 (0.313–1.000) | 0.050 |
Graduate degree (undergraduate degree is referent group) | 1.096 (0.651–1.846) | 0.729 |
Place of residence (urban is referent group) | ||
semi-urban | 1.082 (0.683–1.715) | 0.736 |
village | 1.160 (0.682–1.975) | 0.584 |
Living with (alone is referent group) | ||
In a family with one more member/or partner | 1.272 (0.652–2.479) | 0.481 |
In a family (more than two members) | 0.966 (0.536–1.742) | 0.908 |
On the student campus | 1.192 (0.562–2.531) | 0.647 |
Attending of classes (In person (contact classes) are referent group) | ||
Online | 0.644 (0.143–2.905) | 0.567 |
Combined (contact and online) | 0.953 (0.223–4.069) | 0.948 |
Did not have classes (studying for exam deadlines) | 1.093 (0.259–4.607) | 0.903 |
Presence of chronic diseases (“yes” is referent group) | 0.911 (0.542–1.532) | 0.726 |
COVID-19 (“yes” is referent group) | ||
No | 1.236 (0.459–3.327) | 0.676 |
Do not know | 0.917 (0.372–2.265) | 0.852 |
Severity of COVID-19 symptoms (Asymptomatic are referent group) | ||
Mild to moderate symptoms | 0.769 (0.290–2.040) | 0.597 |
Severe symptoms | 1.727 (0.431–6.927) | 0.441 |
I did not have COVID-19 | 0.738 (0.263–2.070) | 0.563 |
Effectiveness of epidemiological measures taken thus far (“yes” is referent group) | ||
No | 0.477 (0.311–0.732) | <0.001 |
I do not know | 0.590 (0.385–0.904) | 0.015 |
Need for reintroduce lockdown (“yes” is referent group) | ||
No | 0.501 (0.272–0.921) | 0.026 |
Do not know | 0.837 (0.374–1.877) | 0.667 |
Sources of information (Credible sources are referent group) | ||
Less credible sources of information | 0.640 (0.435–0.941) | 0.023 |
I do not think about it | 0.367 (0.198–0.679) | <0.001 |
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Marendić, M.; Aranza, D.; Aranza, I.; Vrdoljak, D.; Podrug, M.; Milić, M. Determinants of COVID Vaccination Willingness among Health and Non-Health Studies Students: A Cross-Sectional Study. Vaccines 2023, 11, 981. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines11050981
Marendić M, Aranza D, Aranza I, Vrdoljak D, Podrug M, Milić M. Determinants of COVID Vaccination Willingness among Health and Non-Health Studies Students: A Cross-Sectional Study. Vaccines. 2023; 11(5):981. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines11050981
Chicago/Turabian StyleMarendić, Mario, Diana Aranza, Ivan Aranza, Dario Vrdoljak, Mario Podrug, and Mirjana Milić. 2023. "Determinants of COVID Vaccination Willingness among Health and Non-Health Studies Students: A Cross-Sectional Study" Vaccines 11, no. 5: 981. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines11050981
APA StyleMarendić, M., Aranza, D., Aranza, I., Vrdoljak, D., Podrug, M., & Milić, M. (2023). Determinants of COVID Vaccination Willingness among Health and Non-Health Studies Students: A Cross-Sectional Study. Vaccines, 11(5), 981. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines11050981